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Trans-diaphragmatic Pathologies: Anatomical Background and Spread of Disease on Cross-sectional Imaging
Authors:Aya Tawfik  Aaron J. Thomas  Christine O. Menias  Ayman Nada  Akram M. Shaaban  Ayman H. Gaballah  Ajaykumar C Morani  Corey T. Jensen  Khaled M. Elsayes
Affiliation:1. Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX;2. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Boston, MA;3. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, AZ;4. Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO;5. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT;1. Department of Radiology, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY;2. Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY;3. Department of Radiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY;4. Department of Radiology, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA;5. Department of Radiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY;6. Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL;1. Department of Radiodiagnosis, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India;2. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India;1. Departamento Imagenología, Clínica Dávila, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de los Andes y Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile;2. Mallinckdrodt Institute of Radiology (MIR), Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO;3. Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile;1. Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital – Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY;2. Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;1. Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI;2. Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR;3. Wake Forest Baptist Health, Department of Radiology, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC;4. Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA;5. Department of Interventional Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;6. Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI;7. Department of Information and Statistics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea;8. Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;1. Department of Radiology, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX;2. Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
Abstract:The diaphragm is not only a sheet of muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities: it plays an essential role in ventilation and can act as a gateway for the spread of different disease processes between the abdominal and the thoracic cavity. Careful attention to the appearance of the diaphragm on various imaging modalities is essential to ensure the accurate diagnosis of diaphragmatic disorders, which may be secondary to functional or anatomical derangements.
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