脊柱包虫病的临床特点及诊断方法

目的探讨脊柱包虫病的临床特点,为诊断和治疗提供依据.方法回顾性分析1994年7月至2003年10月诊治的14例脊柱包虫病患者,男5例,女9例;年龄5～23岁,平均25.8岁.患者均有牧区生活史,病程为4～120个月,平均26.7个月.除行常规检查外所有患者均拍摄X线片,8例行CT扫描,13例行MR检查,8例行免疫血清学检查.病变多累及胸椎,占35.8%,其次为腰椎和腰骶椎,分别为21.4%和28.6%,颈椎较少见.根据Dew分类,包虫累及髓外硬膜内1例,椎管内硬膜外2例,脊椎7例,椎旁1例,其余3例累及硬膜外周围组织.所有患者均行手术治疗,并行组织病理学检查.结果脊柱包虫病的临床症状主要表现为病变部位的肿胀、疼痛或放射痛,后逐渐发展为脊髓神经损害.X线检查缺乏特征性,仅表现为局部不规则骨质破坏,可伴边缘硬化或钙化.CT主要表现为多个大小不等的囊状低密度缺损.MRI示病变呈多囊性生长,T1加权像上囊壁与囊内容物均呈低信号,T2加权像上囊壁呈低信号,囊内容物呈高信号,簇集呈“葡萄串样”;合并感染时,T1加权像和T2加权像信号均增强.8例行包虫三项检查的患者中7例阳性,其中3例接受包虫八项检查,均为阳性.组织病理学检查均为细粒棘球绦虫.结论MRI是诊断脊柱包虫病最敏感的方法,在确定病变部位和范围上具重要作用;CT和免疫血清学检查有助于包虫病的诊断和鉴别诊断;提高对该病的认识是防止误诊的关键.

Characteristics and diagnosis of spinal hydatid disease

Objective To study the clinical characteristics of spinal hydatid disease and help to diagnozy and treat the disease. Methods 14 cases with spinal hydatid disease, admitted in our hospital between July 1994 and October 2003, were studied retrospectively. Besides routine examinations, plain X-ray films were performed in all 14 cases, CT in 8 cases and MRI in 13 cases, respectively. 8 cases sufferred serodiagnostic tests for human hydatidosis. All cases underwent operation and the histopathological examination. There were 5 males and 9 females with an average age of 25.8 years(range, 5-53 years) in this series. All 14 cases had the living history in endemic area and the average duration of symptom was 26.7 months(range, 4-120 months). The lesions most frequently involved the thoracic segments, accounting for 35.8%, and then 21.4% in the lumbar, and 28.6% in the lumbosacral segments, cervical segments were the least commonly involved. According to Dew'classification, spinal hydatid cysts located primarily at intradural extramedullary area in 1 case, extradural intraspinal in 2 cases, vertebral in 7 cases, paravertebral in 1 case and combination of various extradural tissues involved in other 3 cases. Results The clinical manifestations were localized back pain or radiating pain, mass and gradually progressive neurological dysfunction. Eight of 14 cases displayed abnormality in X-ray films which showed local, well-defined and irregular erosions with or without surrounding sclerosis or calcifications. CT scans presented multiloculated low density lesions. The MRI characteristics of the lesions were multiloculated cysts, signal intensities of the cyst content were similar to that of CSF. On T1W images the cyst wall appeared iso- or slightly more hypo-intense than the cyst content, T2W images demonstrated a low intensity rim and the hyper-intense cyst content resembling a bunch of grapes. Seven of 8 cases performed the 3-tests serodiagnosis were positive, and 3 cases with positive 3-tests serodiagnosis accepted 8-tests were positive. All the specimens were shown to be Echinococcus Granulosus. Conclusion MRI was the most sensitive diagnostic method and the best method to determinate the site and extent of the cystic lesions. CT and serological examination are useful for diagnosis. The key of avoiding misdiagnosis is to enhance understanding of the disease.