Circadian and seasonal variations of electrolytes in aging humans

The circadian and seasonal variations of a set of routinely determined variables (chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, creatinine, urea and urate) were documented in young men (mean age ± SD: 24.0 ± 3.9 yr) and in healthy elderly men (75.3 ± 6.6) and women (78.2 ± 9.1). The same urinary variables, except magnesium, were studied in young men. The circadian variability of serum variables was between 2 and 11% except for serum inorganic phosphorus (12–22% according to the group). By contrast, urinary chloride, sodium and potassium revealed large peak-trough differences (55–75%) and the variability of urinary creatinine, urate and urea was also not negligible (20–30%). ANOVA validated seasonal variations for most of the plasma variables and for urinary calcium, phosphorus and uric acid. No age or sex difference in either 24 h means or amplitudes could be observed. These data are of interest for the concept of reference values, for the diagnosis of certain bone and renal disease as well as for chronooptimization in treatment of potential electrolytes deficiency states.