哲学论域中的自我

自我或“我”曾一再成为哲学沉思的对象。孔子曾提出“四毋”的要求 ,从认识论上看 ,“毋我”含有消除主观成见之意 ;就价值观而言 ,“毋我”则意味着超越小我。道家对于“我” ,也以有而无之为立场。道家的这种无己说 ,惟有联系其自然原则 ,才能得到较为具体的理解。相对于儒家对礼乐文明的礼赞 ,道家更多地表现出崇尚自然的趋向。佛教所说的“我” ,包括“人我”与“法我” ,前者与人的存在相联系 ,指作为个体的“我” ,后者则涉及人之外的一般对象 ,与之相应 ,无我亦包含“人无我”与“法无我”二重含义。相对于佛教 ,休谟通常所谓的“自我” ,不过是相继的“知觉的集合体 ,或一束知觉” ,作为实体的自我只是一种“虚构”。当自我被理解为“知觉的集合”时 ,它便失去了本体论上的实在性。从毋我、无我到质疑自我 ,对自我的消解和否定构成了其中共同的趋向。但作为具体的存在 ,自我既以意识与人格的综合统一为特点 ,又以感性生命为存在的前提 ;既有个体性的规定 ,又包含着社会的内容 ;既经历了形成与发展的阶段 ,又内含着时间中的绵延同一;在总体上表现为身与心、天与人、个体性与社会性、发展阶段与过程性的统一

Egoism in Philosophical Argument

Egoism has once and again been the issue for philosophical meditation. The Confucius put forth "the Four Don'ts". De-egoism, from the epistemological point of view, means the dispelling of personal prejudices, but from the axiological point of view, it indicates the suppression of personal self. "Self", proposed by Taoism, was based on the notion of negligence of oneself. The notion of non-self, on the other hand, could be best deciphered through its relation to natural principles. While the Confucians spoke highly of moral and music modernization, the Taoists showed their preference for true belief in nature. The notion of self, according to Confucianism, involves self as man and self as non-man. The former, being related to human existence, refers to individual self, whereas the latter is connected to the general objects beyond man. Similarly, non-self covers the notion of de-egoism by person and by law. In contrast to Confucianism, egoism, in Humo's mind, is defined as the integration of perceptions or a bunch of ideas, and the "self" as man is a sheer fabrication. De-egoism, non-self to questioning oneself, and dissolution of self constitute the common trend. As a real man, egoism is characterized by the combination of consciousness and dignity, and preconditioned by perceptual life for its existence; also egoism is both individuality-oriented and social-rooted. It not only goes through evolution and development, but entails the extension in time as well. By and large, egoism is realized as a combination of body and mind, universe and man, individuality and society, development and process.