中药DNA条形码分子鉴定技术的应用与展望

中药材品种广泛,存在多基原的情况,质量差异较大,使临床用药安全性和有效性难以得到保证。因传统中药鉴定方法的局限性,对准确鉴别多基原中药材带来了一定的挑战。为了保证中药临床用药安全有效可控,中药鉴定学已成为最重要的研究课题之一,也是当前中医药事业急需解决的关键技术要求。DNA基因鉴别是从基因层面对中药材进行快速、准确的鉴定,包括DNA分子标记法、核酸探针杂交法和DNA条形码技术,其中DNA条形码技术应用最为广泛。DNA条形码是利用标准的DNA片段对物种进行鉴定的技术,2015年版《中国药典》收载了DNA条形码技术指导原则,建立了动物类采用细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(COI)序列为主,转录间隔区间(ITS)2为辅;植物类采用ITS2/ITS为主,叶绿体psb A-trn H为辅的中药材鉴定体系。该技术的广泛应用为中药鉴别提供更高效快速的方法,并且有效地应用于多基原中药材的鉴别中,使中药品种混乱现象得到极大改观。文章首先对DNA条形码技术的原理、目的及意义、标准片段的选择进行介绍,着重阐述该技术在中药鉴定中的应用以及存在的局限性,并提出展望,以期为中药材的鉴定研究提供参考。

Application and Prospect of DNA Barcode Molecular Identification Technology in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Chinese medicinal materials are varied and multi-source,large difference in quality makes it difficult to ensure the safety and efficacy of clinical medications.Traditional identification methods have certain limitations,in some cases difficult to accurately identify. In order to ensure the safe and effective of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM),TCM identification has become one of the most important research topics,which is a key technical requirement urgently needed to be solved in the current Chinese medicine business. DNA gene identification is a rapid and accurate identification of Chinese medicinal materials with the genetic level,includes DNA molecule genetic markers,DNA hybridization and DNA barcoding molecular identification method particularly the most widely used one is DNA barcoding molecular identification method.DNA barcode is a technique for identifying species by using standard DNA regions. The 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia has record the DNA barcode technical guidelines,which has established identify genes with COI gene-dominated and ITS2 gene-supplemented animal medicine DNA barcoding system,identify genes with ITS2/ITS gene-dominated and chloroplast psbA-trnH gene-supplemented plant medicine DNA barcoding system. The application of DNA Barcoding provides a more efficient and rapid method for the identification of TCM,and effectively applied in the identification of multi-primary Chinese herbal medicines. This article briefly outlines the principles,purpose and significance,selection of standard gene fragments of DNA barcodes,focuses on the application in identification of TCM,as well as the limitations. At last,the application forecast was prospected,which was expected to provide reference for Chinese medicine identification.