Modality shift effects mimic multisensory interactions: an event-related potential study

A frequent approach to study interactions of the auditory and the visual system is to measure event-related potentials (ERPs) to auditory, visual, and auditory-visual stimuli (A, V, AV). A nonzero result of the AV ? (A + V) comparison indicates that the sensory systems interact at a specific processing stage. Two possible biases weaken the conclusions drawn by this approach: first, subtracting two ERPs from one requires that A, V, and AV do not share any common activity. We have shown before (Gondan and Röder in Brain Res 1073–1074:389–397, 2006) that the problem of common activity can be avoided using an additional tactile stimulus (T) and evaluating the ERP difference (T + TAV) ? (TA + TV). A second possible confound is the modality shift effect (MSE): for example, the auditory N1 is increased if an auditory stimulus follows a visual stimulus, whereas it is smaller if the modality is unchanged (ipsimodal stimulus). Bimodal stimuli might be affected less by MSEs because at least one component always matches the preceding trial. Consequently, an apparent amplitude modulation of the N1 would be observed in AV. We tested the influence of MSEs on auditory-visual interactions by comparing the results of AV ? (A + V) using (a) all stimuli and using (b) only ipsimodal stimuli. (a) and (b) differed around 150 ms, this indicates that AV ? (A + V) is indeed affected by the MSE. We then formally and empirically demonstrate that (T + TAV) ? (TA + TV) is robust against possible biases due to the MSE.