The continuity of psychopathology from early childhood to preadolescence |
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Authors: | Leena Pihlakoski Andre Sourander Minna Aromaa Päivi Rautava Hans Helenius Matti Sillanpää |
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Institution: | (1) Dept. of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland;(2) Dept. of Public Health, Turku University, Turku, Finland;(3) Turku City Hospital, Turku, Finland;(4) Dept. of Biostatistics, Turku University, Turku, Finland |
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Abstract: | Objective To study the continuity of psychopathology from the age of 3–12 years.
Methods In a population-based birth cohort, children’s emotional and behavioral problems were assessed at age 3 using the Child Behavior
Checklist 2–3 (CBCL 2–3), and at age 12 by parents using the CBCL 11–18, and the Youth Self Report (YSR) completed by the
children. Behavioral ratings were obtained from 800 subjects at both time points.
Results externalizing problems at age 3 predicted both externalizing and internalizing problems among both genders in preadolescence.
In girls, internalizing behavior at age 3 predicted parent-reported internalizing behavior, and associated negatively with
externalizing behavior in self-reports at age 12. Aggressive behavior was found to be remarkably stable, and both aggressive
and destructive behavior independently predicted a wide range of later externalizing and internalizing problems. Parent ratings
of withdrawal showed stability from early childhood to preadolescence in both genders. Somatic complaints of 3-year-old girls
independently predicted both externalizing and internalizing problems.
Conclusions The results show the complexity of pathways in psychopathology from early childhood to preadolescence. In particular, aggressive and destructive behaviors in very early childhood predict later problems and necessitate early
recognition and possible intervention at an early age. An instrument like the CBCL 2–3 is valuable in the early detection
of children at risk of long-term problems. |
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Keywords: | child psychiatry CBCL epidemiology psychopathology follow-up |
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