Sex-related differences in frequency and perception of stressful life events during adolescence |
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| Authors: | Bianca Raffaelli Nicole Strache Caroline Parchetka Eric Artiges Tobias Banaschewski Arun Bokde Uli Bromberg Christian Buechel Anna Cattrell Patricia Conrod Herta Flor Vincent Frouin Hugh Garavan Angela Heinrich Andreas Heinz Bernd Ittermann Sarah Jurk Herve Lemaitre Jean-Luc Martinot Eva Mennigen Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot Dimitri Papadopoulos Tomá? Paus Luise Poustka Michael N Smolka Nora C Vetter Henrik Walter Rob Whelan Gunter Schumann Juergen Gallinat |
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| Institution: | 1.Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,Universit?tsmedizin Berlin,Berlin,Germany;2.INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry, CEA, DSV, I2BM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital,Orsay,France;3.Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Mannheim,Germany;4.Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland;5.University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Haus S10,Hamburg,Germany;6.Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King’s College London,London,UK;7.Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry,Kings College London,London,United Kingdom;8.Department of Psychiatry,Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital,Québec,Canada;9.Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Mannheim,Germany;10.Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique,CEA-Saclay Center,Paris,France;11.Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology,University of Vermont,Burlington,USA;12.Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB),Berlin,Germany;13.Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,Technische Universit?t Dresden,Dresden,Germany;14.INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry, CEA, DSV, I2BM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; and Université Paris Descartes,Paris,France;15.INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry, CEA, DSV, I2BM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; and University Paris Descartes,Paris,France;16.INSERM, UMR 1000, Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry, CEA, DSV, I2BM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; and AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital,Paris,France;17.Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry,University of Toronto,Toronto,Canada;18.Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE),Hamburg,Germany |
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| Abstract: | AimStressful life events and individual stress experience are important risk factors for the development of physical and mental disorders. One of the modulating factors determining interindividual differences in stress experience is the person’s gender. In the current study, we investigated sex-related differences in the frequency and perception of stressful life events during adolescence, a period characterized by particularly high stress levels.Subject and methodsWe examined 1,657 14-year-old adolescents who were recruited as part of the IMAGEN study, a European multicenter research project on mental well-being of young people. For the detection of stressful life events, we used the Life Events Questionnaire, a highly valid instrument for testing common stressful events during adolescence.ResultsAlthough boys and girls did not differ significantly regarding the total amount of stressful life events, girls reported more stressful events in the familial and body-related areas, whereas boys experienced more conflicts with superiors and independence-marking events. As regards valence, girls reported greater psychological distress compared to boys; however, in all significant results, the effect sizes were only small to moderate.ConclusionWhile previous research highlighted severe stressors in adult samples, we investigated for the first time adolescents with a broader scope of stressful events. The observed differences in the stress experience may contribute to explain the sex-dependent variations in the incidence of stress-related disorders. |
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