Interaction between the dopamine D4 receptor and the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms in alcohol and tobacco use among 15-year-olds

Early onset of alcohol and tobacco use during adolescence increases the risk for establishing a substance use disorder in adulthood. Both alcohol and nicotine stimulate the dopamine (DA) and the serotonin (5-HT) systems. The DA system has been implicated in the mediation of the rewarding effects of self-administered drugs of abuse. A possible role of an interaction between these neurotransmitter systems in substance use behavior has been suggested but is as yet unknown. The present study was designed to examine the influence of the DA D4 receptor (DRD4) and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genotype and their interaction on adolescent alcohol and tobacco experimentation. Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort consisting initially of 384 children from a high-risk community sample. At the age of 15 years, adolescents completed a self-report questionnaire measuring tobacco and alcohol consumption. DNA was taken from 305 participants (146 boys, 159 girls) and genotyped for the DRD4 exon III and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. The DRD4 7-repeat allele was associated with greater smoking and drinking involvement in boys. In girls, a significant DRD4 × 5-HTT interaction was detected. Girls without the DRD4 7-repeat allele and who were homozygous for the long allele of 5-HTTLPR displayed the highest smoking and drinking activity. The genetic and potential molecular background underlying adolescent vulnerability to substance abuse is discussed.