Diagnosis and classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;2. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel;3. Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States;1. Disciplina de Reumatologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;2. Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital do Servidor Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Centre For Rare Vascular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Nancy, France;4. Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;5. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1116, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France;6. ABC Medical Center, México City, Mexico;7. First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece;8. Pedro Ernesto University Hospital of the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;9. New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA;10. Centro di Ricerche di Immunopatologia e Documentazione su Malattie Rare and Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Torino, Italy;11. Graham Hughes Lupus Research Laboratory, King''s College London, London, UK;12. Rio de Janeiro Municipality, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;13. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA;14. Lupus Research Unit at St Thomas'' Hospital, London, UK;15. Discipline of Rheumatology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;1. Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d''Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, and SCDU Nephrology and Dialysis, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital and University of Turin, Turin, Italy;2. Department of Thrombosis and Haemophilia, Guy''s and St Thomas'' Hospital, London, United Kingdom;3. Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;4. Cardiology Departiment, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Turin, Italy;5. UOSD Hematology and Thrombosis Unit, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Turin, Italy;6. Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy''s and St Thomas'' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK;1. Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d''Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy;2. Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;3. Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, King''s College London, United Kingdom;4. Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain;5. Division of Rheumatology, ASST-G Pini, Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy;6. Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy''s and St Thomas'' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK |
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| Abstract: | The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by the occurrence of venous and arterial thromboses, often multiple, and recurrent fetal losses, frequently accompanied by a moderate thrombocytopenia, in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Some estimates indicate that the incidence of the APS is around 5 new cases per 100,000 persons per year and the prevalence around 40–50 cases per 100,000 persons. The aPL are positive in approximately 13% of patients with stroke, 11% with myocardial infarction, 9.5% of patients with deep vein thrombosis and 6% of patients with pregnancy morbidity. The original classification criteria for the APS were formulated at a workshop in Sapporo, Japan, in 1998, during the 8th International Congress on aPL. The Sapporo criteria, as they are often called, were revised at another workshop in Sydney, Australia, in 2004, during the 11th International Congress on aPL. At least one clinical (vascular thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity) and one laboratory (anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant or anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies) criterion had to be met for the classification of APS. |
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| Keywords: | Antiphospholipid syndrome Anticardiolipin antibodies Lupus anticoagulant Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome |
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