Effect of chemical tick control practices on tick infestation and Theileria parva infection in an intensive dairy production region of Uganda |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;2. Vector-borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso;3. Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;4. UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP V34, Abidjan 01, Côte d''Ivoire;5. Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi BONI, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso;6. Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Transmissibles, Université d''Abomey-Calavi, BP 01 BP 2009 Cotonou, République du Bénin;7. Department of veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 0110 Onderspoort, South Africa;8. Federal Public Service Public Health, food safety & environment, President services, Research coordination, Place victor Horta 40, 1060 Brussels, Belgium;1. School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania;2. College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania;1. SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.;2. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. |
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| Abstract: | Chemical tick control is a major means of preventing East Coast fever (ECF), especially in sub-Saharan Africa. However, in southwestern Uganda, improper tick control practices have led to severe acaricide resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors associated with tick infestation in dairy cattle and Theileria parva infection, and to generate evidence for the prioritization of effective countermeasures for tick control. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 farms in Mbarara District, and information on tick control practices and tick infestation were collected. Tick samples were collected from 13 farms to test tick acaricide efficacy. A total of 420 blood samples from calves to adults of exotic- and cross-breed dairy cattle were collected, and T. parva diagnosis via polymerase chain reaction was performed. All the 13 tick populations tested were resistant to deltamethrin (synthetic pyrethroid). Resistance to single-formulation organophosphate-chlorfenvinphos was 39 % (5/13); co-formulations (chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin), 69 % (9/13); and amitraz (amidine), 85 % (11/13). The overall prevalence of T. parva infection at the individual-level was 45.2 % (190/420, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 40.4–50.1), and that at the farm-level was 83 % (25/30, 95 %CI: 65–94). A good quality cattle crush was a preventive factor for tick infestation (odds ratio (OR): 0.32, 95 %CI: 0.15−0.63, p = 0.001). Well-managed acaricide storage (OR: 0.36, 95 %CI: 0.17−0.76, p = 0.008), and a good quality measuring cylinder for acaricide were preventive factors (OR: 0.32, 95 %CI: 0.11−0.93, p = 0.036) for T. parva infection. The risk factors for T. parva infection were a longer period of acaricide use of the same brand (OR: 1.06, 95 %CI: 1.01−1.10, p = 0.012), and a higher frequency (twice a week) of acaricide use rather than once a week (OR: 11.70, 95 %CI: 1.95−70.13, p = 0.007). These risk factors should be given high intervention priority in order to effectively control ticks and prevent T. parva infections in dairy farms. Teaching proper practices to dairy farmers and to technical staff should be used to overcome the severe challenge of acaricide resistance in Mbarara District. |
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| Keywords: | Acaricide Resistance Dairy cattle East Coast fever Uganda Risk factors |
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