A model for karyotypic evolution in testicular germ cell tumors

Testicular germ cell tumor karyotypes are characterized by near-triploidy, with chromosome numbers ranging from 50 to 70, and by the frequent appearance of i(12p). The high chromosome number has been attributed to the formation of tetraploid carcinoma in situ cells followed by chromosomal losses that ultimately lead to tumor forms that are more advanced. In the present investigation, we show by analysis of the accumulated cytogenetic data on testicular germ cell tumors and computer simulations that two distinct processes are operating in the karyotypic evolution of these tumors. The results suggest that whole-chromosome changes originate from a multipolar cell division of a tetraploid cell, whereas imbalances caused by structural changes accumulate in a stepwise manner.