食管癌和贲门癌患者术后呼吸衰竭原因分析及防治

目的分析研究食管癌和贲门癌患者手术后发生呼吸衰竭的原因和治疗措施。方法应用SPSS统计软件Logistic回归分析及x^2检验,对114例呼吸衰竭患者的原因及死亡风险进行分析。结果因手术相关并发症引发的呼吸衰竭者40例（35．1％）,因严重呼吸道感染诱发的呼吸衰竭者43例（37．7％）,二者占全组的72．8％（83／114）。其他原因为麻醉清醒不完全或术中输液过量造成肺水肿、肺动脉栓塞、严重心律失常等。单因素和Logistic回归多因素分析发现,出现手术相关并发症者、术后并发症种类愈多者、术前肺功能差者、术前放疗者、术后第2天以后开始插管者、辅助呼吸时间愈长者、呼吸衰竭合并肺炎或‘肾衰者,其死亡危险性显著增加。其中前3者为显著独立致死因素,相对风险度分别为2．50,2．37和1．68;而与年龄、性别、手术治疗方式、术前合并疾病史、术前应用抗菌素等因素无显著相关性。结论食管癌和贲门癌患者术后发生呼吸衰竭多因手术相关的并发症和呼吸道感染所致。仔细谨慎的手术操作和术后防止严重并发症的发生,是避免食管癌和贲门癌术后发生呼吸衰竭的最重要措施。术后严密观察各项生命指征、及时插管或气管切开行机械通气辅助呼吸,是减少术后呼吸衰竭死亡的有效措施。

Postoperative respiratory failure in patients with cancer of esophagus and gastric cardia

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively analyzed the cause and death risk of 114 postoperative respiratory failure patients found in 3519 patients with esophageal cancer and 1495 patients with carcinoma of gastric cardia surgically treated between January 1992 and May 2003. METHODS: To analyze the reasons causing postoperative respiratory failure in surgically treated esophageal or gastric cardia cancer patients, and the correlation between the death risk of postoperative respiratory failure and preoperative pulmonary function tests, postoperative complications, operation modes, history of preoperative accompanying diseases and so on using Binary Logistic Regression analysis and Chi-square tests (chi(2)) in SSPS statistics software. RESULTS: In this series, postoperative respiratory failure developed in 97 of 3519 (2.76%) esophageal cancer patients and 17 of 1495 (1.14%) gastric cardia cancer patients, which were mainly caused by severe respiratory tract infection (37.7%, 43/114) and operative complications (35.1%, 40/114) such as: anastomotic leakage or perforation of thoracic stomach, extensive bleeding during operation, chylothorax, etc, totally accounting for 72.8% (83/114). In contrast with lung cancer patients, most of the postoperative respiratory failure (69.3%) occurred in the patients who had perioperative complications but almost always normal preoperative pulmonary function tests. Other reasons to cause postoperative respiratory failure were: extubation in unconscious patients at the end of general anesthesia; over-infusion during operation; pulmonary artery embolism; severe arrhythmia and so on. All patients except 2 were treated in ICU by mechanic ventilation through intubation and/or tracheotomy. Eighty patients (70.2%) were intubated and/or had tracheotomy within 3 days postoperatively. Seventy patients (61.4%) were rescued successfully, whereas 44 cases (38.6%) died of postoperative respiratory failure and/or other postoperative complications. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis by binary logistic regression indicated that: severe perioperative complications, more postoperative complications, poor preoperative pulmonary function, radical preoperative radiotherapy, intubation and/or tracheotomy after the second postoperative day and long period of mechanic ventilation were the major risk factors leading to death once the postoperative respiratory failure developed. The former 3 factors were independent risk factors leading to death with OR of 2.50, 2.37, 1.68, respectively. Age, sex, operation modes, history of preoperative accompanying disease, prophylactic antibiotics were not demonstrated as statistically significant risk factors correlated with death. CONCLUSION: Severe perioperative complications and respiratory tract infection are the two major causes of postoperative respiratory failure in patients with cancer of esophagus and gastric cardia. Patients with severe perioperative complications or poor preoperative pulmonary function or association with more than two kinds of postoperative complications have much higher death risk than other patients when they develop postoperative respiratory failure. Careful manipulation during operation and effective perioperative management are the most important measures to avoid postoperative respiratory failure and high mortality.