Dual neuroendocrine glands: sensitivity of the pineal gland to hormonal feedback |
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| Authors: | T H Champney |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA;2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA;1. Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Denmark;2. Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Denmark;1. Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada;2. Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;3. Academic Unit of Sleep and Breathing, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK;4. NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield, SW3 6NP, UK;5. Sheffield Hallam University, Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, Collegiate Hall, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield S10 8BP, UK |
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| Abstract: | Numerous studies have tried to determine whether alterations in the hormonal content of the plasma would modify pineal function. Recent evidence has indicated that the pineal is relatively insensitive to alterations in plasma hormone concentration, as contrasted with the neuroendocrine hypothalamus which is very responsive to hormonal feedback. Therefore, two types of neuroendocrine glands appear to exist based on their ability to respond to hormonal feedback. The first type of neuroendocrine gland, exemplified by the neuroendocrine portion of the hypothalamus, is extremely sensitive to hormonal modulation and is concerned with maintaining the endogenous balance of plasma hormones. The second type of neuroendocrine gland, exemplified by the pineal gland, is principally responsible for converting its neural input, usually a environmental stimulus, into a hormonal messenger, irrespective of plasma hormone levels. These two types of neuroendocrine glands would act in synchrony to maintain homeostasis throughout a variety of external conditions. |
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