Effect of extended-term estrogen on voiding in a postpartum ovariectomized rat model

Introduction

We tested the hypothesis that extended-term (5-week) estrogen therapy would negatively impact voiding function in a postpartum, ovariectomized rat model.

Methods

Immediately after delivery, 30 primiparous Sprague–Dawley rats underwent intravaginal balloon dilation, followed by ovariectomy 1 week later. Cystometry at postpartum week 2 determined normal or abnormal voiding patterns. After randomization, one-half the normal and abnormal voiding rats received 5 weeks of estrogen therapy, while the remainder received placebo. Estrogen effect was determined by repeat cystometry and immunohistochemical analysis of the urethra and vagina.

Results

Abnormal voiding increased from 60.0% to 73.3% in the estrogen- treated group and declined from 60% to 33% for the placebo group. Rats were then divided into 4 groups for comparison: normal voiding versus placebo (group 1), abnormal voiding versus placebo (group 2), normal voiding versus estrogen (group 3) and abnormal voiding versus estrogen (group 4). Bladder capacity, leak point pressure and maximum voiding pressure were most depressed in group 4. Estrogen treatment was associated with a significant downregulation of α_1A and α_1D-adrenoceptors in the urethral submucosa but an upregulation of nNOS in the urethral smooth muscle.

Conclusion

Extended-term estrogen therapy in a rat model of simulated birth trauma and ovariectomy resulted in a higher rate of incontinence. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated significant downregulation of urethral α_1A- and α_1D-adrenoceptors and upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the urethra of estrogen-treated groups. These studies question the use of hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of postmenopausal incontinence.