Differences in carotid artery atherosclerosis between men and women in the early phase after ischemic event

Objectives

There is little data about sex differences in carotid atherosclerosis in the early phase after an ischemic event. The aim of this study was to examine the carotid artery atherosclerosis differences between men and women in early phase after TIA or stroke.

Methods

Consecutive patients with recent ischemic event, admitted during the first week after symptom onset were examined with ultrasound. Sex differences in degree of stenosis, number of plaques and plaque morphology were compared. Plaque morphology was assessed by gray-scale median (GSM), according to which lower values were associated with hemorrhagic/necrotic core indicating plaque instability.

Results

Of the 316 patients with ischemic events, 196 (50.5% male) entered the study. Men had more often moderate as well as severe ipsilateral carotid stenosis (12.1% vs 7.2% for moderate and 12.1% vs 2.1% for severe; p = 0.024). Men had more often the largest plaque hypoechogenic contralateral (62.6% vs 37.1%, p = 0.0008), but not ipsilateral. Men had 3 or more hypoechogenic plaques (24.2% vs 4.1%, p = 0.0001; 17.2% vs 4.1%, p < 0.0001) both ipsi and contralateral respectively. Male sex was a risk factor for having 3 or more ipsilateral hypoechogenic plaques (p = 0.002, OR = 20 CI 95% [5.5–75].

Conclusions

Men had more often carotid stenosis and higher number of hypoechogenic plaques.