Dairy products,surrogate markers,and cardiovascular disease; a sex-specific analysis from the ATTICA prospective study |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece;2. Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia;3. First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece;4. School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia;5. Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;1. Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea;2. Department of Review Management, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, Seoul 26465, South Korea;3. Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea;4. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea;1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China;2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China;1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China;2. Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA;3. Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Gusu District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China;4. Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA;1. Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran;3. Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;4. Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Background and aimsDairy products are a very diverse food group with multiple effects on the cardiac health of men and women. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sex-specific association between dairy products (total and subtypes) and 10-year first fatal/nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence.Methods and resultsIn 2001–2002, n = 1514 men and n = 1528 women (>18 years old) from greater Athens area, Greece, were enrolled. Dietary assessment was based on a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dairy product consumption was examined in relation to 10-year CVD incidence. Follow-up (2011–2012) was achieved in n = 2020 participants (n = 317 CVD cases). Ranking from lowest (<1 serving/day) to highest (>2 servings/day) total dairy intake, CVD incidence in men was 17.8%, 15.0%, and 10.9% (p = 0.41), while in women it was 14%, 6.0%, and 5.7% (p = 0.02). Multiadjusted analysis revealed that total dairy intake protected against CVD only in women Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.48 and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) (0.23, 0.90)], irrespective of the fat content. Further analysis revealed that only fermented products (yogurt and cheese), protected against CVD. For per 200 g/day yogurt consumption, CVD risk was 20%–30% lower with this claim being more evident in women, while for per 30 g/day cheese intake, about 5% lower risk was observed particularly in men. As for butter, nonsignificant associations were highlighted. These associations were mainly retained in the case of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation.ConclusionsThis work provides incentives for researchers to elucidate the diversity of ingredients and mechanisms through which dairy products exert their effect on cardiac health separately for men and women. |
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| Keywords: | Milk Fermented dairy products Yogurt Heart disease Women Gender |
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