| Abstract: | The aim of the present review was to evaluate the effect of waterpipe smoking (WS) on clinical peri‐implant inflammatory parameters compared to non‐smokers (NS) with dental implants. Literature searches were performed using bibliographic databases up to May 2018. Primary outcomes included peri‐implant bone loss (PIBL), while secondary outcomes were probing depth (PD), plaque index, and bleeding on probing. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each PIBL and PD were estimated by a random‐effect model. Four retrospective case‐control studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative syntheses. All of the included studies showed statistically‐significantly worse peri‐implant outcomes in WS compared to NS. Considering the effects of WS on peri‐implant parameters, significant heterogeneity for PIBL (Q‐value = 34.21, P < 0.0001, I2 = 94.16%) and PD (Q‐value = 51.97, P < 0.0001, I2 = 96.15%) was observed between both groups. The overall RR for PIBL (RR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.01‐3.97, P = 0.001) and PD (RR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.91‐7.17, P = 0.001) were significant between WS and NS groups. WS has detrimental effect on peri‐implant health. Clinicians should instruct and advise patients about poor prognosis and peri‐implant diseases caused by WS. |
