Special shoulder problems in the throwing athlete: pathology, diagnosis, and nonoperative management

Shoulder problems in the overhead and throwing athlete can result in rotator cuff tendinitis. Biomechanically, there is a delicate balance between mobility and stability of the shoulder complex. Repetitive overhead stressful motion can lead to overuse tendinitis, subtle instability, labral changes, and eventual fiber failure of the rotator cuff. Secondary impingement symptoms are commonly present. An accurate diagnosis along with an early and aggressive rehabilitation program is essential in the treatment of these athletes.