Osteoporosis in children and young adults |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK;2. GKT School of Medical Education, King’s College London, UK;3. Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Paediatrics, Athens University Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital’, Athens, Greece |
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Abstract: | Osteoporosis is a major public health problem with serious long-term complications. In children, the definition of osteoporosis is not only based on densitometric criteria but also takes into account vertebral and long bone fragility fractures. Several factors, such as long-term high-dose steroids, chronic inflammation, malnutrition, immobility, lack of sex steroids, and medication can reduce bone density and increase the risk for fragility fractures when left untreated. Also, genetic conditions can predispose to primary bone fragility disorders, with osteogenesis imperfecta being the most common. Furthermore, since the growing skeleton is at an increased rate of bone remodeling, the ability to heal long bone fractures and reshape vertebral fractures differentiates children from adults. The scope of this chapter is to review the risk factors of osteoporosis and fragility fractures and describe the commonest causes of primary and secondary osteoporosis and their management in children and young adults. |
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Keywords: | Osteoporosis Fragility fractures Children Young adults Glucocorticoids Bisphosphonates VFs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_dat45ANJe7" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" vertebral fractures MRI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_gql5hGz5s5" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" magnetic resonance imaging CT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_oLC1mwxT9h" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" computed tomography BMD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_hkCON4Bkb5" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" bone mineral density VFA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_fH94wONjJK" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" vertebral fracture assessment DXA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_6d1ZT9NCSj" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry LS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_WCtwIOthz0" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" lumbar spine WBLH" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_uHw0elIoqD" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" whole body less head BMAD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_hOtExsyvUh" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Bone Mineral Apparent Density HAZ" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_8Agx4JS6A7" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" height adjusted z-score QCT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_1vnYC9h2LH" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" quantitative computed tomography pQCT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_8stGfcrwo2" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" peripheralquantitative computed tomography DMD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_qwwOR9dVvo" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Duchenne muscular dystrophy IBD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_0TTVqKzq3p" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" inflammatory bowel disease GH" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_qEuUO9alge" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" growth hormone RANKL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_eJXkUeWvVq" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" receptor activator of nuclear factor κΒ ligand OPG" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_qEAiQXLSd9" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" osteoprotegerin OI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_AQzNHpf3ow" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" osteogenesis imperfecta ALL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_Q36rMQPmlI" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" acute lymphoblastic leukemia JIA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_JJ5nDSuVyr" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" juvenile idiopathic arthritis CD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_qOfEosckLz" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Crohn's Disease TM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_MFRhAhZD1U" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" thalassemia major SCD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_xithSW35tH" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" sickle cell disease ZA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" pc_Qwj6Gs9d1E" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" zoledronic acid |
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