The Longitudinal Relationship Between Emotion Regulation and Pain-Related Outcomes: Results From a Large,Online Prospective Study |
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| Affiliation: | 2. Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, AZ;3. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baltimore, Maryland;2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Adult Reconstruction, Duke University, Durham, NC;3. Department of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC;4. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Adult Reconstruction, Duke University, Durham, NC;5. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Physical Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC;2. Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON);3. Hammel Neurorehabilitation Center and University Research Clinic, Aarhus University, Hammel, Denmark;4. CFIN, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;5. JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India;11. Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;12. Larix A/S, Herlev, Denmark;8. Department for Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark;9. Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malm? University, Malm?, Sweden;2. Michigan State University, Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Clinical Research, Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan;2. Praxis Meyenberger, Wil, Switzerland;3. Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;4. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;5. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;6. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Berlin, Germany;2. University of Florida, Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, Gainesville, Florida |
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| Abstract: | People with chronic pain engage in various strategies, such as pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance, to regulate the difficult emotional aspects of living with pain. Engagement in these strategies is known to influence pain severity and pain interference. However, less research has examined the extent to which general emotion regulation, the ability to identify emotions and engage in strategies to alter emotions, relates to pain-related outcomes. The current study, a large (N = 1453) online prospective study of adults with chronic pain, employed theory-driven assessment of emotion regulation to determine the extent to which general difficulties with emotion regulation at baseline relate to pain severity and pain interference at three-month follow-up, above and beyond pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance. We conducted a series of path models, controlling for demographic covariates and baseline pain severity and pain interference. Pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance at baseline significantly predicted pain interference at three-month follow-up. However, when indices of general emotion regulation were entered into the model, the associations between pain catastrophizing and pain interference (B = .009, P = .153) were no longer statistically significant. Alexithymia emerged as a significant predictor of pain severity (B = .012, P = .032) and pain interference (B = .026, P < .001). These findings highlight the value of considering the role of general emotion regulation (particularly identifying and describing emotions), in addition to pain-specific experiences, in understanding risk for poor pain-related outcomes.PerspectiveIn addition to pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance, difficulties regulating emotions in general (particularly elevated alexithymia) relates to pain outcomes three months later. These findings shed light on risk for poor pain outcomes and point to general emotion regulation as a potentially important target of chronic pain intervention. |
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