Phase composition,mechanical performance and in vitro biocompatibility of hydraulic setting calcium magnesium phosphate cement |
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| Authors: | Uwe Klammert Tobias Reuther Melanie Blank Isabelle Reske Jake E Barralet Liam M Grover Alexander C Kübler Uwe Gbureck |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;2. Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany;3. Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;4. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;1. The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China;2. Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China;3. Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China;1. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China;2. University of Chinese Academy of sciences, 319 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China;1. College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luo Yang 471023, Henan, PR China;2. College of Material Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luo Yang 471023, Henan, PR China;3. Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province (Hubei Institute for Nationalities) and Department of Chemistry, Enshi 445000, Hubei, PR China;1. Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA;2. Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;3. School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China;4. Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA;5. Department of Surgery (Dentistry), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA;1. Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;2. Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Spain;3. Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA;4. Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA;1. Université de Nantes, INSERM UMRS 791, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Ostéo-Articulaire et Dentaire, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, BP 84215, 44042 Nantes Cedex 1, France;2. Université de Nantes, Polytech Nantes, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609, 44306 Nantes Cedex 3, France;3. Graftys SA, Eiffel Park, Bâtiment C, 415 Rue Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Pôle d’activités d’Aix en Provence, 13854 Aix en Provence Cedex 3, France |
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| Abstract: | Brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O)-forming calcium phosphate cements are of great interest as bone replacement materials because they are resorbable in physiological conditions. However, their short setting times and low mechanical strengths limit broad clinical application. In this study, we showed that a significant improvement of these properties of brushite cement could be achieved by the use of magnesium-substituted β-tricalcium phosphate with the general formula MgxCa(3–x)(PO4)2 with 0 < x < 3 as cement reactants. The incorporation of magnesium ions increased the setting times of cements from 2 min for a magnesium-free matrix to 8–11 min for Mg2.25Ca0.75(PO4)2 as reactant. At the same time, the compressive strength of set cements was doubled from 19 MPa to more than 40 MPa after 24 h wet storage. Magnesium ions were not only retarding the setting reaction to brushite but were also forming newberyite (MgHPO4·3H2O) as a second setting product. The biocompatibility of the material was investigated in vitro using the osteoblast-like cell line MC3T3-E1. A considerable increase of cell proliferation and expression of alkaline phosphatase, indicating an osteoblastic differentiation, could be noticed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed an obvious cell growth on the surface of the scaffolds. Analysis of the culture medium showed minor alterations of pH value within the physiological range. The concentrations of free calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions were altered markedly due to the chemical solubility of the scaffolds. We conclude that the calcium magnesium phosphate (newberyite) cements have a promising potential for their use as bone replacement material since they provide a suitable biocompatibility, an extended workability and improved mechanical performance compared with brushite cements. |
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