Mechanistic aspects of the fracture toughness of elk antler bone |
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| Authors: | M.E. Launey P.-Y. Chen J. McKittrick R.O. Ritchie |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;2. Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;1. State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, China;2. Institute of Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China;3. AgResearch Ruakura Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand;1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control,College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China;2. School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;3. Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;2. Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems (CAVS), 200 Research Blvd, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;3. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA;4. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;1. Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27–29, A-1040 Vienna, Austria;2. Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;4. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept., Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, 1140 Vienna, Austria;5. Institute for Surgical Technology & Biomechanics, University of Bern, Stauffacherstrasse 78, CH-3014 Bern, Switzerland;1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;2. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;3. Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;4. National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA;5. Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;1. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK;2. Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA;3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, USA |
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| Abstract: | Bone is an adaptive material that is designed for different functional requirements; indeed, bones have a variety of properties depending on their role in the body. To understand the mechanical response of bone requires the elucidation of its structure–function relationships. Here, we examine the fracture toughness of compact bone of elk antler, which is an extremely fast-growing primary bone designed for a totally different function than human (secondary) bone. We find that antler in the transverse (breaking) orientation is one of the toughest biological materials known. Its resistance to fracture is achieved during crack growth (extrinsically) by a combination of gross crack deflection/twisting and crack bridging via uncracked “ligaments” in the crack wake, both mechanisms activated by microcracking primarily at lamellar boundaries. We present an assessment of the toughening mechanisms acting in antler as compared to human cortical bone, and identify an enhanced role of inelastic deformation in antler which further contributes to its (intrinsic) toughness. |
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