单次锚定法经腹机器人辅助肾输尿管切除术的技术特点及疗效

目的探讨单次锚定法经腹机器人辅助肾输尿管切除术的技术特点及疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年11月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院收治的44例患者的病例资料,男31例,女13例。中位年龄61.5(55.5~72.5)岁。既往有腹部手术史2例(4.6%),吸烟史12例(27.3%)。中位体质指数为23.08(21.55~24.60)kg/m^2。肿瘤位于左侧25例(56.8%)、右侧19例(43.2%)。Charlson合并症指数:24例(54.5%)为2~4,16例(36.1%)为5~6,4例(9.4%)为≥7。美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)评分:0~1分8例(18.2%),2~3分36例(81.8%)。术前诊断为输尿管癌26例(59.1%),肾盂癌14例(31.8%),输尿管癌合并肾盂癌4例(9.1%),均符合肾输尿管切除术指征。44例均由同一术者行单次锚定法经腹机器人辅助肾输尿管切除术。手术均采用全麻,患者取80°健侧卧位,头低足高10°。镜头套管位于患侧脐旁1横指处。以右侧手术为例,1号臂套管位于右侧腹直肌外侧缘脐上8 cm水平,2号臂套管位于右侧腹直肌外侧缘脐下8 cm水平,辅助套管1位于前正中线与2号臂套管-镜头套管连线中垂线的交点,辅助套管2位于前正中线剑突下。左侧手术套管位置与右侧手术大致对称,但辅助套管2的位置移至耻骨联合上3横指处。沿结肠外侧的Toldt线切开侧腹膜,沿结肠系膜与肾周筋膜间的平面游离至显露下腔静脉(左侧至显露腹主动脉),Hem-o-lok夹闭并离断肾动静脉,充分游离肾脏,然后在肾下极平面找到输尿管,向下游离至近髂血管处。用Hem-o-lok夹闭肿瘤远端输尿管。将视野转向足侧,助手向头侧牵引输尿管,术者继续向下游离输尿管至膀胱壁段,直视下切除输尿管膀胱开口处并缝合膀胱。游离肾和输尿管的同时行淋巴结清扫。将切除的标本放入标本袋,延长下腹部切口取出,放置引流管后逐层关腹。结果本组44例手术均顺利完成。中位手术时间145(130~175)min,机械臂操作时间119(108.5~136.0)min,中位膀胱缝合时间12(10~15)min。术中失血量50(20~100)ml,输血3例(6.8%)。术后Clavien-Dindo 2级并发症6例:乳糜漏2例,延长引流管留置时间后缓解;使用止血药物1例,术后输血1例(500 ml);深静脉血栓形成1例,行抗凝治疗;急性冠脉综合征1例,按胸痛流程诊治。术后中位住院时间8(6.5~10.0)d。术后中位随访时间12个月,死亡5例,其中3例为肿瘤进展所致;术后肿瘤进展4例,其中3例死亡,1例存活。术后2年总体生存率为68.2%,无进展生存率为77.9%。结论单次锚定法经腹机器人辅助肾输尿管切除术能较好地提升机械臂的操作效率,手术时间短,术中及术后并发症发生率低,短期随访结果满意。

Single-docking transperitoneal robotic-assisted nephroureterectomy: surgical techniques and outcomes

Objective To introduce and discuss the efficacy of a new technique to perform transperitoneal single-docking robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy(RNU).Methods A total of 44 patients diagnosed with urothelial neoplasm of the renal pelvis or were investigated from January 2016 to November 2019.RNU was performed by a single surgeon.Among the 44 patients,31 were male,and 13 were female.The median age was 63(IQR:58-71).The median body mass index(BMI)was 23.08(IQR:21.55-24.60)kg/m^2.All operations were performed with general anesthesia.The patients were positioned 80 degrees flank with the diseased side up,and the head was tilted 10 degrees downwards.The camera port was placed one finger lateral to the umbilicus.For the right-sided tumors,robotic arm 1 was inserted through the trocar on the right pararectus line,8 cm above the umbilicus,and robotic arm 2 was inserted through the trocar on the same line,8 cm below the umbilicus.Assistant trocar 1 was placed where the anterior midline joins the perpendicular bisector of the camera port and robotic 2,and assistant trocar 2 was placed below the xiphoid process.For the left-sided tumors,all trocars were centrosymmetric to that of the right-sided tumors,except that assistant port 2 was placed 3 finger width above the pubic symphysis.The peritoneum was incised along the Toldt line,and the inferior vena cava was isolated(for left sided tumor,the abdominal aorta was isolated instead).The renal artery and vein were clipped with Hem-o-lok and ligated,and the kidney were isolated.The ureter was identified and isolated downwards across the common iliac artery and then clipped distal to the tumor site.The bladder cuff was resected and sutured under the laparoscopy.Results The median operation time was 145(IQR:130-175)min,with the median console time of 119(IQR:108.5-136.0)min,the anastomosis of bladder cuff of 12 min,and the median estimated blood loss of 50(20-100)ml.After the surgery,6 Clavien-Dindo grade 2 complications occurred,including 2 chylous leakage,1 hemostasis,1 blood transfusion,1 deep vein thrombus,and 1 acute coronary syndrome.The median length of stay(LOS)was 8(IQR:6.5-10.0)d.The median length of follow-up was 12 months.In total,5 patients were dead,including 3 cancer-specific death.Four recurrence occurred and caused 3 death.The 2-year overall survival and progression-free survival were 68.2%and 77.9%,respectively.Conclusions The technique of RNU with simultaneous bladder cuff excision(BCE).Our technique improved the surgical outcome.The perioperative complication rate was low,and the short-term survival outcomes were satisfactory.