药物滥用预防与科学、文化和伦理道德问题的关联(英文)

近年来在脑与行为领域的科学进展和发现已经革新了我们对于物质滥用及其对人体思维和情绪作用的知识。与此同时,针对促进药物滥用和成瘾发展的人类行为和环境的大量心理学和社会文化方面的研究也在展开。文化因素也被认为在世界不同地区成瘾行为的发展和上升中起重要作用。要采取有效的策略解决全球非法药物滥用与成瘾问题,我们需要一种整合和统一的视角,这种视角不仅包括科学,还应包括文化,伦理道德和精神等社会组成部分。药物滥用是一个涉及多方面的问题。它可以是生物因素和基因缺陷的结果,也可以是由于社会影响,药物的易获得性,文化压力等因素导致的习惯性行为。因此,针对药物滥用或成瘾者进行预防、治疗和康复的任何成功的计划都应该考虑到多方面的因素。科学研究在解释分子生物学、脑影像学等在药物滥用形成耐受和依赖的发展过程中的重要性方面已经取得了一定进展,该领域的研究还阐释了基因发挥作用并将成瘾的特性传递给后代的途径。然而科学对于药物滥用预防的贡献是有限的,因为这是一个需要综合心理干预和咨询的领域。文化在指导人们的态度和形成成瘾或戒断的潜在动机中发挥了核心作用。个体的戒断和康复部分依赖于文化环境。事实上,对非法药物的界定在不同文化中也各不相同。每个社会都建立了控制人们接触药物和酒精的行为规范。因此,在对药物滥用多角度、综合的预防和干预措施中,理解不同的文化期待、态度和行为规范是至关重要的。伦理道德和精神文明也是药物滥用预防中重要的因素。非治疗用的处方药物就是药物滥用领域中存在的伦理问题。另外,关于非法药物滥用的立法问题也在各个国家引起了严重的争议。伦理和科学不是互斥的关系,两者都在为大多数人的利益努力寻求真理。统揽科学、文化、伦理道德和精神文明对于预防药物滥用和成瘾康复有重要的意义。主要文明体系的和睦关系将带来更为有效的策略,以克服由于药物滥用问题蔓延导致的全球性危机。

BRIDGING SCIENCE, CULTURE AND ETHICS IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

During recent decades scientific progress and discoveries on the brain and behaviour have revolutionized our knowledge of substance abuse and its impact on human mind and mood. Parallel with these scientific developments, there have been extensive research studies on psychological and sociocultural aspects of human behaviour and environmental forces which contribute to the development of drug abuse and addiction. Likewise, cultural factors are implicated in the rise and development of addictive behaviour in people in different parts of the world. To develop an effective strategy to combat the global problem of illicit drug use and addiction, there is a need to have an integrated and unified vision which would encompass not only a scientific perspective, but also would include cultural, ethical and spiritual components of society. Drug abuse is a multidimensional problem. It can be the result of biological and genetic predisposition. It can also often be due to a learned behaviour as a result of societal influence, drug availability and cultural attitudes. Therefore any successful plan of action for prevention, treatment or rehabilitation of those affected by drug abuse or addiction should take into consideration the multidisciplinary aspects of such a program. Scientific progress is being made in unravelling the importance of molecular biology, brain imaging and the role of neurotransmitters in the development and extent of tolerance and dependence on drugs and the addiction process. Moreover, research in this area is elucidating the possible pathways of genetic effects and transmission of addictive traits to offspring in disorders such as alcoholism. But scientific contributions to prevention of addiction have been limited as this is a field which also requires systematic psychosocial education and counselling. Culture is a "system of pattern of belief and behaviour that shapes the worldview of the members of society." It plays a central role guiding people's attitudes and potential motivation to develop addiction or to abstain from consumption of psychoactive products. Individual recovery from addiction partly depends on a cultural environment. Cultural recovery involves "regaining a viable ethnic identity and acquiring a functional social network committed to the person's recovery". In fact, what is considered an "illicit drug" varies from culture to culture. In each one, society establishes code of behaviour which governs people's approach to drugs and alcohol. Therefore, in a multidimensional and integrated approach to prevention of or intervention in drug abuse, it is critical to understand the dynamics of cultural expectations, attitudes and codes of behaviour. Culture in a society consists of several institutions, such as family, education, religion, economy, law, arts and sciences and political organizations. All of these play their role in cultural interactions and integration.