Increased incidence of sepsis and altered monocyte functions in severely injured type A- glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient African American trauma patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether trauma patients with the common, type A- glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency have an aggravated inflammatory response, increased incidence of septic complications, and/or more profound alterations in leukocyte functions compared with nondeficient trauma patients. SETTINGS: Intensive and surgical care units of a trauma center and flow cytometry and experimental laboratories at a teaching university hospital. DESIGN: Prospective cohort clinical study with measurements on days 2 and 5 postinjury. Monocyte and neutrophil oxidant content, apoptosis, and CD11b expression and plasma cytokine levels were compared between G6PD-deficient and nondeficient patients. PATIENTS: A total of 467 male African American trauma patients were screened for the deficiency. Forty-four type A-202/376 G6PD-deficient patients were identified and enrolled in the study; 43 nondeficient patients were also enrolled and were matched by age, clinical criteria of injury severity, and type of trauma. MAIN RESULTS: After severe injury (Injury Severity Score, > or =16), 50% of the deficient and 6.2% of nondeficient patients developed sepsis with positive bacterial blood cultures. In deficient patients, the frequency of bronchial (75%) and wound infections (25%) was also increased compared with nondeficient patients (32% and 0%). The durations of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Sepsis Syndrome, and days on antibiotics were three times longer in deficient than in nondeficient individuals. However, adult respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 37% of both groups. Anemia was more severe in the deficient than nondeficient patients from day 10 posttrauma. On day 5, the peroxide content was doubled, apoptosis was decreased, and CD11b expression was increased in monocytes from deficient patients compared with cells from nondeficient patients. On day 5, the plasma interleukin (IL)-10 concentration was significantly lower in deficient than nondeficient patients, whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were similar. After moderate injuries (Injury Severity Score, 9-16), the deficiency was not associated with adverse clinical effects, and the trauma-induced changes in leukocyte function were similar in deficient and nondeficient patients. CONCLUSIONS: The common type A- G6PD deficiency predisposes septic complications and anemia in trauma patients after severe injuries as defined by an Injury Severity Score of > or =16. This adverse clinical course is accompanied by altered monocyte functions manifested as augmented oxidative stress, a decreased apoptotic response, increased cell adhesion properties, and a diminished IL-10 response.