腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎致病菌及菌谱变化——单个腹膜透析中心15年回顾分析

目的 探讨腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎致病菌谱和耐药率变化，以及致病菌与预后之间的关系。方法 回顾性分析了2001至2005年本院腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎并与1990至2000年109例次资料进行比较。 结果 (1)致病菌谱分布:2001至2005年收治腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎145例共206例次，培养阳性108例次(52.4%)，培养阴性率从1990至2000年的60.6%下降至47.6%(P < 0.05)。革兰阳性(G+)球菌感染的发生率从25.6% 上升至39.8% (P > 0.05)；凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的发生率从4.7%上升至26.9%(P < 0.01)；耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌发生率为22.2%。革兰阴性(G-)杆菌腹膜炎的发生率从44.2%下降至34.3%(P > 0.05)；铜绿假单孢菌与大肠埃希菌腹膜炎的发生率有一定程度的上升；肺炎克雷伯杆菌性腹膜炎的发生率显著下降(14.0% 比 3.7%，P < 0.05)。真菌性腹膜炎的发生率有所下降(30.2% 比 17.6%，P > 0.05)。(2)耐药率分析:对于G-杆菌，阿米卡星耐药率最低(10.3%)。(3)转归:与1990至2000年相比，总体治愈率从68.8% 上升至73.9%；导管拔除率从19.2%下降至14.3%；病死率从10.1% 下降至5.4%。真菌性腹膜炎退出率为100%，显著高于G+球菌、G-杆菌性腹膜炎(P < 0.01)。铜绿假单孢菌感染所致退出率为44.4%，显著高于非铜绿假单孢菌的细菌感染(P < 0.01)。结论 与1990至2000年相比，近5年腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎培养阴性率显著下降；凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是最常见的致病菌；真菌性腹膜炎发生率有所下降；感染性腹膜炎治愈率有所改善。真菌性腹膜炎是导致腹膜透析退出的主要原因，其次是铜绿假单孢菌感染所致腹膜炎。

Characteristics of infecting pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis: report of related episodes in a medical center over fifteen years

Objective To investigate the characteristics of infecting pathogens,their changes and antimicrobial susceptibilities on CAPD related peritonitis in our peritoneal dialysis(PD) center in the past 15 years.Methods Two hundred and six CAPD related peritonitis episodes in 145 patients from 2000 to 2005 were analyzed and compared with 109 episodes from 1991 to 2000.The causative pathogens,their antimicrobial susceptibilities and outcomes on CAPD related peritonitis from the two periods were retrospectively reviewed and compared.Results Culture negative rate decreased from 60.6% in 1990 s to 47.6% in the last five years (P=0.031 ).Among culture positive peritonitis episodes,the incidence of gram positive bacteria (GPB) peritonitis increased from 25.6% to 39.8% (P=0.059).This was mainly due to a significant increase in coagulase-neagative staphylococcus peritonitis,which significantly increased from 4.7% to 26.9% (P=0.01).Gram negative bacteria (GNB) peritonitis decreased slightly (44.2% vs 34.3%,P=0.322).The incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae peritonitis significantly decreased (14.0% vs 3.7%,P=0.023),while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichis coli peritonitis rates slightly increased (4.7% vs 9.3%,P = 0.338;7% vs 18.7%,P=0.072).The decrease of fungal peritonitis rate was not significant (30.2% vs 17.6%,P= 0.123).The comparison of clinical outcomes showed an improvement of total recovery rate from 68.8% in 1990 s to 73.9% for 2000-2005 (P=0.09).The catheter removal rate decreased from 19.2% to 14.3% (P=0.238),and the mortality from 10.1% to 5.4% (P=0.118).In both periods,fungal peritonitis had the poorest results,which all the patients either withdrew from PD or died.Conclusions Compared with that in 1990 s,the culture positive rate for CAPD related peritonitis in 2000-2005 has been greatly improved.Coagulase-negative staphylococcus is the most common causative pathogen.The mortality and catheter removal rate have been markedly reduced in the last five years.Fungal peritonitis is the most important reason for patients' dropout.