Enigmatic human tails: A review of their history,embryology, classification,and clinical manifestations |
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| Authors: | R. Shane Tubbs Jason Malefant Marios Loukas W. Jerry Oakes Rod J. Oskouian Fabian N. Fries |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington;2. Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University, West Indies, Grenada;3. Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, Washington;4. Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The presence of a human tail is a rare and intriguing phenomenon. While cases have been reported in the literature, confusion remains with respect to the proper classification, definition, and treatment methods. We review the literature concerning this anatomical derailment. We also consider the importance of excluding underlying congenital anomalies in these patients to prevent neurological deficits and other abnormal manifestations. Clin. Anat. 29:430–438, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
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| Keywords: | anatomy embryology caudal appendage human tails spinal dysraphism |
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