2015 - 2018 年青海省农村环境卫生状况分析

目的 掌握青海省农村环境卫生状况的变化，为环境治理提供依据。方法 2015 - 2018年，按照分层随机的方法从青海省6个涉农市（州）抽取16个县（区）、320个村、1 600个农户，监测农村生活垃圾（污水）处理情况、农户家庭卫生状况、农田土壤重金属检测情况等。采用趋势χ2检验分析农村环境卫生状况。结果 2015 - 2018年，青海省农村生活垃圾随意堆放比例逐年下降（趋势χ2 = 79.482，P＜0.001）；生活污水的排放方式主要是随意排放，分别为79.38%，70.63%，66.25%,72.50%;卫生户厕覆盖率逐年升高（趋势χ2 = 44.117，P＜0.001）；饮用集中式供水的覆盖率也逐年升高（趋势χ2 = 94.283，P＜0.001）；不在田间焚烧秸秆的农户比例分别为59.13%，49.56%，71.19 %，78.25%;农田土壤铅、镉、铬含量均不超标。结论 2015 - 2018年，青海省农村环境卫生状况逐年改善，但仍存在诸多不足，需加强改水改厕，垃圾污水处理工作。

Analysis of rural environmental sanitation in Qinghai from 2015 to 2018

Objective To evaluate the rural environmental health situation in Qinghai province from 2015 to 2018, and provide reference for the environmental treatment. Methods Stratified random sampling was used to select 320 villages and 1600 peasant households from 16 cities in Qinghai Province. We investigated the status of the domestic garbage and sewage，family health in the village and the heavy metal in the soil．Linear-by-Linear Association was used to analyze rural environmental sanitation. Results From 2015 to 2018，in the investigated villages，the rate of free garbage dumping declined in the past four years(Linear-by-Linear Association=79.482, P<0.001). The main treatment of life sewage was directly discharge(79.38%, 70.63%, 66.25%, 72.50%). In the investigated families, the coverage rates of centralized water supply and sanitary toilet increased year by year (Linear-by-Linear Association=94.283, P<0.001; Linear-by-Linear Association=44.117, P<0.001); the rates of farmers who did not burn straw in the fields were 59.13%, 49.56%, 71.19 %, 78.25%; the contents of lead, cadmium and chromium were found not exceeding the standards in soil. Conclusion The situation of rural sanitation in Qinghai has been improving from 2015 to 2018, but there were various deficiencies existing in rural areas. The management of the water supply systems, toilets, garbage and sewage disposal should be strengthened.