重度子痫前期临床发病类型及特点与围产结局的关系

目的探讨重度子痫前期临床发病类型和特点与围产结局的关系;进一步研究早发型重度子痫前期的临床界定及保守治疗的临床意义.方法173例重度子痫前期患者以孕34周发病时间为界,分为早发和晚发两种类型;再根据病程进展缓急（起病至发展为重度子痫前期＞48 h）进一步将其分为突发和渐进两种类型.共分4组：即早发突发型组10例、早发渐进型组87例、晚发突发型组18例、晚发渐进型组58例.对4组患者的一般临床资料、并发症发生情况、临床监测指标及围产结局进行分析比较.结果（1）早发突发型组及晚发突发型组共28例（16.2%）患者突发起病,病情于48 h内发展成重度子痫前期;早发渐进型组及晚发渐进型组共145例患者（83.4%）缓慢发病,病情于48 h后逐渐发展成重度子痫前期.早发突发型组的发生率与晚发突发型组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;早发渐进型组的发生率与晚发渐进型组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.（2）早发突发型组严重并发症发生率为100.0%（10/10）,早发渐进型组为34.5%（30/87）,晚发突发型组为100.0%（18/18）,晚发渐进型组为29.3%（17/58）.早发突发型组严重并发症发生率与早发渐进型组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;晚发突发型组严重并发症发生率与晚发渐进型组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.（3）早发突发型组胎（婴）儿死亡率为72.7%（8/11）,早发渐进型组为24.3%（25/103）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.晚发突发型组胎（婴）儿死亡率为22.2%（4/18）,晚发渐进型组为4.9%（3/61）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（4）多因素回归分析显示,终止妊娠孕周是影响围产结局的主要因素;发病孕周以34孕周来界定早发和晚发类型时,发病孕周与围产结局无相关性（OR=0.426,95%CI：0.138～1.331）;以32孕周来界定早发和晚发类型时,则与围产结局相关（OR=0.177,95%CI：0.085～0.369）.结论重度子痫前期患者的临床发病类型较为复杂,早发突发型患者有临床上的不可预测性,其围产结局不良;晚发渐进型患者的围产结局较好.终止孕周是影响围产结局的主要因素,临床上以32孕周界定早发类型重度子痫前期更能准确反映发病孕周与围产结局的关系.

Study on different onset patterns and perinatal outcomes in severe preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE: To explore the different clinical onset patterns in severe preeclampsia. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in 173 cases of severe preeclampsia. They were divided into two groups according to the onset of gestational age of severe preeclampsia, early onset of severe preeclampsia (S-PE) (onset < or = 34 weeks) and late onset of S-PE (onset > 34 weeks). Then according to the onset pattern they were subdivided into 4 subgroups: early abrupt onset (10) and early onset with gradual progress of severe preeclampsia (87), late abrupt onset (18) and late onset with gradual progress of severe preeclampsia (58). Clinical characteristics in each subgroup were evaluated. RESULTS: Cases with abrupt onset accounted for 16.2% out of 173 cases of severe preeclampsia (28/173). The incidence of abrupt onset or onset with gradual progress between early and late onset groups was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Whether in early onset group or late onset group, the incidence of serious maternal complications was much higher in abrupt onset subgroups than that in gradual progress subgroups [100.0% (10/10) vs 34.5% (30/87) and 100.0% (18/18) vs 29.3% (17/58); P < 0.001]. The incidence of serious maternal complications was not significantly different between early onset and late onset groups (P > 0.05). The perinatal mortality rate was higher in abrupt onset subgroups compared to gradual progress subgroups both in early onset groups and in late onset ones (72.7% vs 24.3%, P < 0.01; 22.2% vs 4.9%, P < 0.05). The perinatal mortality rate was higher in each subgroups in early onset groups than that in late onset ones respectively (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The gestational age at delivery was closely associated with perinatal outcomes. When a delimitation of early onset of severe preeclampsia was set at 32-week gestation, perinatal outcome was associated with both gestational age at birth and the onset time of severe preeclampsia. If the cut-off point was set at 34-week gestation, perinatal outcome was associated only with gestational age at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 16% pregnant women with severe preeclampsia were attacked abruptly and complicated by serious complications. The clinical delimitation of early onset of severe preeclampsia set at 32-week gestation is significantly associated with poor maternal and perinatal outcomes.