Developmental mechanisms of the tympanic membrane in mammals and non‐mammalian amniotes |
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| Authors: | Masaki Takechi Taro Kitazawa Tatsuya Hirasawa Tamami Hirai Sachiko Iseki Hiroki Kurihara Shigeru Kuratani |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan;2. Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;3. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan;4. Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan;5. Institute for Biology and Mathematics of Dynamical Cell Processes (iBMath), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The tympanic membrane is a thin layer that originates from the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesenchyme. Molecular‐genetic investigations have revealed that interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the pharyngeal arches is essential for development of the tympanic membrane. We have recently reported that developmental mechanisms underlying the tympanic membrane seem to be different between mouse and chicken, suggesting that the tympanic membrane evolved independently in mammals and non‐mammalian amniotes. In this review, we summarize previous studies of tympanic membrane formation in the mouse. We also discuss its formation in amniotes from an evolutionary point of view. |
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| Keywords: | Goosecoid middle ear morphological evolution pharyngeal arch tympanic membrane |
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