4~6 岁幼儿姿势控制能力的发展特征

目的 研究4~6岁幼儿静、动态姿势控制能力（posture control ability, PCA）的年龄及性别特征，分析各感受器对幼儿PCA的贡献率。方法 对100名幼儿进行静、动态PCA测试。采用独立样本t检验分析两腿PCA的差异性，ANOVA分析年龄×性别和4种站立条件（单脚睁/闭眼硬地站立、单脚睁/闭眼垫上站立）对PCA的影响。结果 单脚睁眼硬地站立下4~6岁幼儿两单腿的静态PCA差异具有非常显著性（P<0.01），其中优势腿静态PCA 6岁组＞5岁组＞4岁组；4种站立条件下站立时间的主效应非常显著（P<0.01），各感受器在维持姿势控制时贡献率总和大于100%，且存在前庭觉＞视觉＞本体觉；动态PCA 6岁组显著优于4岁组、5岁组。结论 4~6 岁幼儿静态PCA已有优势腿与非优势腿之分；动、静态PCA随着年龄增长而增长，其中6岁女童前庭觉系统发展速度快于男童；幼儿通过视觉、本体觉、前庭觉等通过复杂的整合作用维持身体的姿势控制，其中前庭觉起主要作用，其次是视觉、本体感觉。

Development Characteristics of Posture Control Ability in 4~6 Years Old Children

Objective To study the age and gender characteristics for static and dynamic posture control ability (PCA) of 4-6 years old children, analyze the contribution rate of each sensor to PCA. Methods A total of 100 children were tested for static and dynamic PCA. The differences in PCA of two single legs were analyzed by the independent sample t-test. The effects of age × gender and four standing conditions (with eyes open/closed on solid ground, with eyes open/closed on mat) on PCA were analyzed by ANOVA. Results There was a very significant difference in static PCA of two single legs for 4-6 years old children standing with eyes open on hard ground (P<0.01), and the static PCA was 6-year old age group>5-year old age group>4-year old age group. The main effect of standing time under four standing conditions was very significant (P<0.01), the sum of the contribution rates of each receptor was greater than 100%, and the contribution rates were vestibular sensation>vision>proprioception. The dynamic PCA of 6-year old age group was significantly better than that of 4-year old age group and 5-year old age group. Conclusions The static PCA of 4 6 years old children showed the differences in dominant leg and non-dominant leg. The dynamic and static PCA increased with age, and the development speed of the vestibular sensory system in 6-year old girls was faster than that in 6-year old boys. The body maintains posture control through complex integration of vision, proprioception, vestibular perception and so on, and vestibular sense plays a major role, followed by vision and proprioception.