Protecting against peroxynitrite-mediated cytotoxicity in vascular smooth muscle cells via upregulating endogenous glutathione biosynthesis by 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione

Peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) is critically involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Reaction with glutathione (GSH) was proposed to be a major detoxification pathway of ONOO⁻ in the biological system. This study was undertaken to determine if chemically elevated intracellular GSH affords protection against ONOO⁻-mediated toxicity in vascular cells. Incubation of aortic smooth muscle A10 cells with 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) led to a concentration- and time-dependent elevation of cellular GSH. Treatment of the cells with D3T also augmented protein and gene expression of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase. To examine the effects of D3T-induced GSH on ONOO⁻-mediated toxicity, we pretreated A10 cells with D3T and then exposed them to either authentic ONOO⁻ or the ONOO⁻ generator, 3-morpholinosydnonimine. We observed that D3T pretreatment of A10 cells resulted in a significant protection against ONOO⁻ cytotoxicity. Conversely, depletion of cellular GSH by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) caused a marked potentiation of ONOO⁻ cytotoxicity. To further demonstrate the causal involvement of GSH induction in D3T cytoprotection, we cotreated A10 cells with BSO to abolish D3T-induced GSH elevation. BSO cotreatment was found to greatly reverse the protective effects of D3T on ONOO⁻-elicited cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that upregulating GSH biosynthesis by D3T results in a marked protection against ONOO⁻-induced toxicity in vascular cells.