Revisiting the flip side: Long-term depression of synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;2. Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil;1. Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;2. Neuroscience Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Science, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;4. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;5. Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;1. National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health) and the Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China;2. Depression Treatment Center, Beijing Anding Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China;3. Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058 Hangzhou, China;1. Department of Oral Physiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan;2. Department of Orthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan;3. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 464-8650, Japan;4. Department of Prosthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Synaptic plasticity is widely regarded as a putative biological substrate for learning and memory processes. While both decreases and increases in synaptic strength are seen as playing a role in learning and memory, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy has received far less attention than its counterpart long-term potentiation (LTP). Never-the-less, LTD at synapses can play an important role in increasing computational flexibility in neural networks. In addition, like learning and memory processes, the magnitude of LTD can be modulated by factors that include stress and sex hormones, neurotrophic support, learning environments, and age. Examining how these factors modulate hippocampal LTD can provide the means to better elucidate the molecular underpinnings of learning and memory processes. This is in turn will enhance our appreciation of how both increases and decreases in synaptic plasticity can play a role in different neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions. |
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| Keywords: | Age Hippocampus Long-term depression Neurodegenerative disease Neurodevelopmental disorder Neurotrophic factor Sex hormone Stress Synaptic plasticity |
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