Loss of Echogenicity and Onset of Cavitation from Echogenic Liposomes: Pulse Repetition Frequency Independence |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA;2. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA;1. Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea;3. R&D Center, LG Life Sciences, 188 Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-738, Republic of Korea;1. Medical Ultrasound Imaging Center, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;2. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;1. Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, M4-37A, Cleveland, OH 44915.;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.;3. Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.;4. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.;5. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.;6. Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.;7. Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan.;1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy;2. Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Echogenic liposomes (ELIP) are being developed for the early detection and treatment of atherosclerotic lesions. An 80% loss of echogenicity of ELIP has been found to be concomitant with the onset of stable and inertial cavitation. The ultrasound pressure amplitude at which this occurs is weakly dependent on pulse duration. It has been reported that the rapid fragmentation threshold of ELIP (based on changes in echogenicity) is dependent on the insonation pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The study described here evaluates the relationship between loss of echogenicity and cavitation emissions from ELIP insonified by duplex Doppler pulses at four PRFs (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 8.33 kHz). Loss of echogenicity was evaluated on B-mode images of ELIP. Cavitation emissions from ELIP were recorded passively on a focused single-element transducer and a linear array. Emissions recorded by the linear array were beamformed, and the spatial widths of stable and inertial cavitation emissions were compared with the calibrated azimuthal beamwidth of the Doppler pulse exceeding the stable and inertial cavitation thresholds. The inertial cavitation thresholds had a very weak dependence on PRF, and stable cavitation thresholds were independent of PRF. The spatial widths of the cavitation emissions recorded by the passive cavitation imaging system agreed with the calibrated Doppler beamwidths. The results also indicate that 64%–79% loss of echogenicity can be used to classify the presence or absence of cavitation emissions with greater than 80% accuracy. |
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| Keywords: | Stable cavitation Inertial cavitation Passive cavitation imaging Doppler ultrasound Echogenic liposomes |
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