Live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Current status and future direction |
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| Institution: | 1. Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States;2. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States;3. Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, United States;4. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Ames, IA, United States;5. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States;1. Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China;2. Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China;1. China Academy of Medicine Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing 100193, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;4. Beijing Senkang Biotech Development Co., Ltd, Beijing 101400, China;5. The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2137, USA;1. Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, PR China;3. College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China;1. Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA;2. Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA;3. Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) was reported in the late 1980s. PRRS still is a huge economic concern to the global pig industry with a current annual loss estimated at one billion US dollars in North America alone. It has been 20 years since the first modified live-attenuated PRRSV vaccine (PRRSV-MLV) became commercially available. PRRSV-MLVs provide homologous protection and help in reducing shedding of heterologous viruses, but they do not completely protect pigs against heterologous field strains. There have been many advances in understanding the biology and ecology of PRRSV; however, the complexities of virus-host interaction and PRRSV vaccinology are not yet completely understood leaving a significant gap for improving breadth of immunity against diverse PRRS isolates. This review provides insights on immunization efforts using infectious PRRSV-based vaccines since the 1990s, beginning with live PRRSV immunization, development and commercialization of PRRSV-MLV, and strategies to overcome the deficiencies of PRRSV-MLV through use of replicating viral vectors expressing multiple PRRSV membrane proteins. Finally, powerful reverse genetics systems (infectious cDNA clones) generated from more than 20 PRRSV isolates of both genotypes 1 and 2 viruses have provided a great resource for exploring many innovative strategies to improve the safety and cross-protective efficacy of live PRRSV vaccines. Examples include vaccines with diminished ability to down-regulate the immune system, positive and negative marker vaccines, multivalent vaccines incorporating antigens from other porcine pathogens, vaccines that carry their own cytokine adjuvants, and chimeric vaccine viruses with the potential for broad cross-protection against heterologous strains. To combat this devastating pig disease in the future, evaluation and commercialization of such improved live PRRSV vaccines is a shared goal among PRRSV researchers, pork producers and biologics companies. |
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| Keywords: | Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) PRRSV-MLV Immunity Cross-protection Vectors Infectious cDNA clones |
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