A native outer membrane vesicle vaccine confers protection against meningococcal colonization in human CEACAM1 transgenic mice

BackgroundThe effect of protein-based meningococcal vaccines on prevention of nasopharyngeal colonization has been difficult to investigate experimentally because a reliable animal colonization model did not exist.MethodsHuman CEACAM1 transgenic mice, which can be colonized by meningococci, were immunized IP with one of two meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle (NOMV) vaccines prepared from mutants with attenuated endotoxin (lpxL1 knockout) and over-expressed sub-family B Factor H-binding proteins (FHbp). Animals were challenged intranasally two weeks after the third dose with wild-type strain H44/76, or were treated IP with anti-NOMV serum before and during the bacterial challenge.ResultsThe NOMV-1 vaccine, prepared from the serogroup B H44/76 mutant, elicited ～40-fold higher serum bactericidal antibody titers against the wild-type H44/76 challenge strain than the NOMV-2 vaccine prepared from a heterologous serogroup W mutant strain with different PorA and FHbp amino acid sequence variants. Compared to aluminum hydroxide-immunized control mice, the efficacy for prevention of any H44/76 colonization was 93% (95% confidence interval, 52–99, P < 0.0001) for the NOMV-1 vaccine, and 19% (?3–36, P = 0.23) for NOMV-2. NOMV-2-vaccinated mice had a 5.6-fold decrease in geometric mean CFU of bacteria per animal in tracheal washes compared to control mice (P = 0.007). The efficacy of passive administration of serum from NOMV-1-vaccinated mice to immunologically naïve mice against colonization was 44% (17–61; P = 0.002).ConclusionsBoth NOMV vaccines protected against meningococcal colonization but there was greater protection by the NOMV-1 vaccine with antigens matched with the challenge strain. Meningococcal vaccines that target protein antigens have potential to decrease colonization.