Maternal serum unconjugated estriol as a predictor for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and other fetal conditions

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical value of low maternal serum unconjugated estriol (E3) level for diagnosing Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and other fetal clinical conditions in pregnant members of a large health maintenance organization. METHODS: We studied serum unconjugated E3 levels in 120,071 gravidas having California Expanded Alpha-Fetoprotein prenatal screening at 15-20 weeks' gestation during a 5-year period. RESULTS: Of the 120,071 women, 323 (0.27%) had low unconjugated E3 levels (less than or equal to 0.2 ng/mL, or 0.15 multiples of the median). Excluding women who were screened too early or who had indeterminate screening results, 103 (0.08%) women with unexplained low unconjugated E3 level remained; of these 103 women, 33 had negative screening results and 68 had positive screening results, and two were tested too late for interpretation. Intrauterine fetal death occurred in 39 (57%) of the 68 women with low unconjugated E3 and positive screening results and occurred in two (6%) of the 33 women with low unconjugated E3 levels and negative screening results, a significant difference (P <.001). Two cases of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome were identified and the patients did not survive the neonatal period; one was a therapeutic abortion for severe oligohydramnios, and the other died at age 48 hours. Low unconjugated E3 level also predicted presence of steroid sulfatase deficiency, a much more common X-linked skin disorder characterized by ichthyosis. CONCLUSION: Low maternal serum unconjugated E3 diagnosed more cases of steroid sulfatase deficiency and undetected intrauterine fetal death than Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (1:60,000 prevalence), although the clinical importance of having this information prenatally is uncertain.