Maintenance of peripheral tolerance to islet antigens |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Aesculap AG Research & Development,Tuttlingen, Germany;2. Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany;3. Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ciudad de México, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | Reestablishment of immune tolerance to the insulin-producing beta cells is the desired goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment and prevention. Immune tolerance to multiple islet antigens is defective in individuals with T1D, but the mechanisms involved are multifaceted and may involve loss of thymic and peripheral tolerance. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the varied mechanisms by which peripheral tolerance to islet antigens is maintained in healthy individuals where genetic protection from T1D is present and how this fails in those with genetic susceptibility to disease. Novel findings in regards to expression of neo-islet antigens, non-classical regulatory cell subsets and the impact of specific genetic variants on tolerance induction are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Tolerance Regulatory T cells Type 1 diabetes Genetic susceptibility APC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0035" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" antigen presenting cell DC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0045" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" dendritic cell insulin-dependent diabetes NOD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0065" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" non-obese diabetic PcLN" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0075" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" pancreatic lymph node T1D" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0085" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" type 1 diabetes Treg" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0095" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" regulatory T cell Teff" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0105" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" T effector cell |
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