Air pollution-related metals induce differential cytokine responses in bronchial epithelial cells |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States;2. Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China;3. Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States;4. Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States;5. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States;1. Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA;2. Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agricultural Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA;3. Iraqi Ministry of Environment, Al-Andalus Square, Baghdad, Iraq |
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Abstract: | Different transition metals have been shown to induce inflammatory responses in lung. We have compared eight different metal ions with regard to cytokine responses, cytotoxicity and signalling mechanisms in a human lung epithelial cell model (BEAS-2B). Among the metal ions tested, there were large differences with respect to pro-inflammatory potential. Exposure to Cd2 +, Zn2 + and As3 + induced CXCL8 and IL-6 release at concentrations below 100 μM, and Mn2 + and Ni2 + at concentrations above 200 μM. In contrast, VO43 ?, Cu2 + and Fe2 + did not induce any significant increase of these cytokines. An expression array of 20 inflammatory relevant genes also showed a marked up-regulation of CXCL10, IL-10, IL-13 and CSF2 by one or more of the metal ions. The most potent metals, Cd2 +, Zn2 + and As3 + induced highest levels of oxidative activity, and ROS appeared to be central in their CXCL8 and IL-6 responses. Activation of the MAPK p38 seemed to be a critical mediator. However, the NF-κB pathway appeared predominately to be involved only in Zn2 +- and As3 +-induced CXCL8 and IL-6 responses. Thus, the most potent metals Cd2 +, Zn2 + and As3 + seemed to induce a similar pattern for the cytokine responses, and with some exceptions, via similar signalling mechanisms. |
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