Nitric oxide levels in HIV-infected,untreated patients and HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;3. Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;1. OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf, Germany;2. Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany;3. Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology – OncoRay, Germany;4. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;1. Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil;3. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil;4. Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Nigeria;1. Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan;3. National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria;4. Department of Agricultural Science, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria;5. Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan;1. Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;2. Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;3. TNO Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands;1. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;3. MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio;4. Liver Center of Excellence Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio;6. Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, Ohio;5. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio |
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| Abstract: | The role of nitric oxide (NO) in HIV infection is ambiguous; controversy exists around whether the levels of serum NO are increased or decreased in HIV-infected patients. Thus, it is necessary to reassess NO levels in HIV-infected patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the nitrite/nitrate metabolite (NOx) levels in HIV-infected untreated patients and in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), compared with HIV-uninfected individuals (control group). The HIV-infected patients enrolled in this study had been receiving HAART for at least 6 months (HIV-treated) or had not received HAART for at least 6 months (HIV-untreated group). New recommendations encourage initiating treatment in HIV-infected adults at a CD4 cell count of 500 cells/mm3 or less. We also investigated whether levels of NOx were associated with immunophenotypic characteristic of HIV-infected patients. Our results showed a statistically significant increase in NOx levels in the HIV-untreated group (164.0 ± 166.6 μmol/L), compared with both the control (98.9 ± 59.4 μmol/L) and HIV-treated group (71.7 ± 53.3 μmol/L). Multiple regression analysis showed that the differences in NOx level were independent of gender, liver enzyme level, lipid measurement, and hematological parameters. In addition, a lower CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with higher NOx levels in HIV-infected patients. The results further revealed that NOx levels were increased in HIV infection, and that derangement of immune system function was associated with increased NO levels. The levels of NOx were found to decline with the use of HAART, which may contribute to cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. |
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| Keywords: | HIV HAART Nitric oxide |
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