Cognitive-motor interference during fine and gross motor tasks in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) |
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| Institution: | 1. Occupational Therapy Program, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA;2. Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;3. Department of Kinesiology and Neurosciences and Cognitive Science Program, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA;4. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK;1. Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands;2. Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building Grote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa;3. School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus, VIC 3065, Australia;1. Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia;2. Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia;1. Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada;2. Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Niagara Regional Campus, McMaster University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada;3. Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada;4. Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada;1. Oxford Brookes University, Perception and Motion Analysis Lab, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom;2. University of Surrey, Department of Psychology, Guildford, United Kingdom;1. Research Unit Neuropediatry UR.0805, HediChaker Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Sfax, Tunisia;2. High Institut of Sports Sciences, UR EM2S-ISSEPS, Sfax, Tunisia;3. Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa;4. University of Sfax, Functional Exploration Service, Habib Bourguiba Hospital of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia;5. Service de pseudo psychiatrie, Hedi Chaker Hospital Faculty of medicine, Sfax, Tunisia |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundWhile typically developing children produce relatively automatized postural control processes, children with DCD seem to exhibit an automatization deficit. Dual tasks with various cognitive loads seem to be an effective way to assess the automatic deficit hypothesis.AimsThe aims of the study were: (1) to examine the effect of a concurrent cognitive task on fine and gross motor tasks in children with DCD, and (2) to determine whether the effect varied with different difficulty levels of the concurrent task.Methods and proceduresWe examined dual-task performance (Trail-Making-Test, Trail-Walking-Test) in 20 children with DCD and 39 typically developing children. Based on the idea of the Trail-Making-Test, participants walked along a fixed pathway, following a prescribed path, delineated by target markers of (1) increasing sequential numbers, and (2) increasing sequential numbers and letters. The motor and cognitive dual-task effects (DTE) were calculated for each task.ResultsRegardless of the cognitive task, children with DCD performed equally well in fine and gross motor tasks, and were slower in the dual task conditions than under single task-conditions, compared with children without DCD. Increased cognitive task complexity resulted in slow trail walking as well as slower trail tracing. The motor interference for the gross motor tasks was least for the simplest conditions and greatest for the complex conditions and was more pronounced in children with DCD. Cognitive interference was low irrespective of the motor task.Conclusions and implicationsChildren with DCD show a different approach to allocation of cognitive resources, and have difficulties making motor skills automatic. The latter notion is consistent with impaired cerebellar function and the “automatization deficit hypothesis”, suggesting that any deficit in the automatization process will appear if conscious monitoring of the motor skill is made more difficult by integrating another task requiring attentional resources. |
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| Keywords: | Dual task effects Trail-Walking-Test Allocentric vs egocentric Peripersonal vs extra-personal Visuo-spatial working memory Executive attention network Internal modeling deficit Automatization deficit hypothesis |
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