Levels and daily intake of lead (Pb) and six essential elements in gari samples from Ondo State,Southwest Nigeria: A potential risk factor of health status |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, P.M.B. 4494, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria;3. Department of Biology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria;4. Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria;1. Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350002, PR China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China;1. CNR-ICCOM, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;1. Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden;2. Bayer CropScience AG, Monheim, Germany;3. Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany;4. National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden;1. Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, TR, Quebec, Canada G9A 5H7;2. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Sir James Dunn Building Dalhousie University, Lord Dalhousie Drive, Halifax, Canada NS B3H 4R2;1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan;2. Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Gari, a staple food in most West African countries is a processed product of cassava plant. It supplies about 70% of the daily calorie intake in these countries. In this study, levels of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in gari samples that were collected from four major Nigerian cities: Akure, Ondo, Isua and Ore – all located in Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria were determined. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of these elements were determined and compared to the recommended dietary intake limits or requirements. The mean concentrations of Pb in gari samples was 0.16 ± 0.09 mg/kg while for essential elements the concentrations were 4.13 ± 0.95, 0.00497 ± 0.00078, 12.98 ± 1.48, 1.01 ± 0.47, 512.6 ± 9.12 and 23.22 ± 2.32 mg/kg for Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Ca and Fe, respectively. The mean estimated dietary intakes were 0.0333 ± 0.00443, 0.88 ± 0.21, 1.06 ± 0.36, 0.00278 ± 0.00068, 0.22 ± 0.04, 109.7 ± 4.22 and 4.97 ± 1.07 mg/day for Pb, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Ca and Fe respectively. The estimated mean Pb dietary intake from gari consumption alone was almost the same as the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for Pb, thus inferring that dietary route is a potential source of Pb contamination for gari consumers in Southwest Nigerian. Also, the data from this study indicated that gari is a good source of some essential elements like Mn, Co, and Cu but not exceptionally rich in Zn, Fe and Ca. It is therefore recommended that gari diets should be complemented with other food substances like beef, vegetables and low fat cheese that are good sources of the deficient elements. |
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| Keywords: | Food analysis Food composition Food safety Gari consumption Estimated daily intake Essential elements Lead Dietary reference intake |
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