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Apathy associated with neurocognitive disorders: Recent progress and future directions
Authors:Krista L. Lanctôt  Luis Agüera-Ortiz  Henry Brodaty  Paul T. Francis  Yonas E. Geda  Zahinoor Ismail  Gad A. Marshall  Moyra E. Mortby  Chiadi U. Onyike  Prasad R. Padala  Antonios M. Politis  Paul B. Rosenberg  Emma Siegel  David L. Sultzer  Eleenor H. Abraham
Affiliation:1. Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada;2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;3. Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;4. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain;5. Department of Psychiatry & Research Institute Hospital, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain;6. Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing and Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;g. Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King''s College London, London, England;h. Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA;i. Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA;j. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA;k. Department of Psychiatry, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Ron and Rene Ward Centre for Healthy Brain Aging Research, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada;l. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Ron and Rene Ward Centre for Healthy Brain Aging Research, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada;m. Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;n. Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;o. NHMRC National Institute for Dementia Research, Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia;p. Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;q. Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA;r. Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, North Little Rock, AR, USA;t. Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;u. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Abstract:

Introduction

Apathy is common in neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) such as Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Although the definition of apathy is inconsistent in the literature, apathy is primarily defined as a loss of motivation and decreased interest in daily activities.

Methods

The Alzheimer's Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (ISTAART) Neuropsychiatric Syndromes Professional Interest Area (NPS-PIA) Apathy workgroup reviewed the latest research regarding apathy in NCDs.

Results

Progress has recently been made in three areas relevant to apathy: (1) phenomenology, including the use of diagnostic criteria and novel instruments for measurement, (2) neurobiology, including neuroimaging, neuropathological and biomarker correlates, and (3) interventions, including pharmacologic, nonpharmacologic, and noninvasive neuromodulatory approaches.

Discussion

Recent progress confirms that apathy has a significant impact on those with major NCD and those with mild NCDs. As such, it is an important target for research and intervention.
Keywords:Apathy  Alzheimer's disease (AD)  Mild behavioral impairment (MBI)  neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS)  Neurocognitive disorders (NCD)
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