Developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene,tetrachloroethylene and four of their metabolites in rat whole embryo culture

The embryotoxicity of trichloroethylene (TRI) tetrachloroethylene (PER), and of four of their oxidative metabolites i.e. trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, chloral hydrate, and trichloroacetyl chloride, was studied in vitro, using the rat whole embryo culture system. Embryos from Sprague-Dawley rats were explanted on gestational day 10 (plug day=day 0) and cultured for 46 h in the presence of the test chemical. All of the tested chemicals produced concentration-dependent decreases in growth and differentiation and increases in the incidence of morphologically abnormal embryos. TRI and PER produced qualitatively similar patterns of abnormalities, while TRI and/or PER metabolites, each elicited clearly distinguishable dysmorphogenic profiles. The presence of hepatic microsomal fractions in the culture medium produced marked decreases in TRI- and PER-induced embryotoxic effects, including mortality, severity of malformations, and delayed growth and differentiation.