Understanding the risks associated with the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS): High variability of active ingredients concentration,mislabelled preparations,multiple psychoactive substances in single products |
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| Institution: | 1. Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh, India;2. Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India;3. Mangla Hospital and Research Centre, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, India;4. Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India;1. Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States;2. Undergraduate Program in Computer Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States;3. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States;1. Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (FATiM), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;1. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain;3. Centro de Investigación Operativa, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain;4. Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany;5. Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada;6. Neuroscience Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada;7. Department of Environmental Health, THL – National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland;8. Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland |
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| Abstract: | New psychoactive substances (NPS), are now a large group of substances of abuse not yet completely controlled by international drug conventions, which may pose a public health threat. Anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, seizures, hyperthermia and cardiotoxicity are some of the common adverse effects associated with these compounds. In this paper, three case reports taken from the archive of processed cases of the authors' laboratory are presented and discussed to stress the risks of possible adverse consequences for NPS users: in particular, (i) the risk deriving from the difficulty of predicting the actual consumed dose, due to variability of active ingredients concentration in consumed products, (ii) the risk deriving from the difficulty of predicting the actual active ingredients present in consumed products, as opposed to those claimed by the manufacturer, and (iii) the risk deriving from the difficulty of predicting the actual pharmacological and toxicological effects related to the simultaneous consumption of different psychoactive ingredients contained in single products, whose interactions are mostly unknown. Each of them individually provide a source of concern for possible serious health related consequences. However, they should be considered in conjunction with each others, with the worldwide availability of NPS through the web and also with the incessantly growing business derived from the manipulation and synthesis of new substances. The resulting scenario is that of a cultural challenge which demands a global approach from different fields of knowledge. |
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| Keywords: | New psycoactive substances NPS Health risks |
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