运动性关节软骨损伤修复材料的选择及其生物力学特征

背景：关节软骨是无血管、淋巴管和神经的组织，通常情况下软骨细胞不能进行有丝分裂，这导致自身修复能力有限。生理负荷下，关节软骨经常处在应力环境中。根据软骨自身的结构和特点，作为人工软骨的替代材料应具有良好的生物力学性能。目的：总结运动性关节软骨损伤修复材料的应用进展及其生物替代材料的生物力学特征。方法：以“关节软骨，生物材料，生物力学”为中文关键词，以“ tissue enginneering, articular cartilage, scaffold material, biomechanics” 为英文关键词，采用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、PubMed数据库1993-01/2010-10相关文章。纳入与运动有关的关节软骨损伤修复、目前常用于修复关节软骨损伤的生物材料以及生物替代材料的生物力学特征研究文章；排除重复研究或Meta分析类文章。以20篇文献为主重点对运动性关节软骨缺损修复材料的生物力学特征进行讨论。结果与结论：关节软骨是一种各向异性、非均质、具有黏弹性并充满液体的可渗透物质，具有独特的力学性能。损伤的关节软骨在生物力学方面均与原来的软骨不同，且极易退变。骨软骨柱移植力学性能近期效果最佳；脱细胞软骨基质、小肠黏膜下基质具有一定的力学强度；普通聚乙烯醇水凝胶的最大缺陷是力学性能的不足；聚乙烯醇材料其良好的柔韧性和高弹性能，具有与人关节软骨相似的力学性能；n-HA浆料与聚酰胺66在溶剂中复合，无论在力学性能还是化学组成上都与自然骨相似。提示在众多关节软骨替代材料中，无论是人工合成材料、天然材料、复合材料其生物力学性能各有不同，且目前还无法再造与天然生成的软骨具有相同力学性能的软骨组织。 

Selection and biomechanical features of repair materials for exercise-induced articular

BACKGROUND:Articular cartilage is non-vascular, lymphatic and nerve tissue, cartilage cells usually can not perform mitosis, resulting in limited ability to repair itself. Under physiological load, the articular cartilage often places in stress environments. According to its structure and characteristics of cartilage, it should have good biomechanical properties as an artificial cartilage replacement material. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the application progress of repair materials for the exercise-induced articular cartilage injury and biomechanical characteristics as an alternative biomaterial. METHODS:Using “articular cartilage, biomaterials, biomechanics” in Chinese and “tissue engineering, articular cartilage, scaffold material, biomechanics” in English as the key words, a computer-based retrieval of China Academic Journal Full-text database and PubMed database was performed from January 1993 to October 2010. Articles related to exercise-induced articular cartilage injury and repair, currently used biomaterials in the repair of articular cartilage injury and its biomechanical characteristics as an alternative biomaterial; duplicated research or Meta analysis was eliminated. Twenty articles mainly focus on the biomechanical characteristics of repair materials in the repair of exercise-induced articular cartilage defects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Articular cartilage is an anisotropic, heterogeneous, viscoelastic and permeable material that is filled with liquid, it has unique mechanical properties. The biomechanics of injured articular cartilage are different from the original cartilage, and easy to degenerate. Mechanical properties of osteochondral transplantation are the best for recent period; acellular cartilage matrix and small intestine submucosa matrix have certain mechanical strength; the greatest drawback of ordinary polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel is insufficient mechanical properties; polyvinyl alcohol has good flexibility and high elastic property, and similar mechanical properties with human articular cartilage; n-HA slurry and polyamide 66 composite in a solvent, they are similar to natural bone in terms of chemical composition and mechanical properties. Various alternative materials of articular cartilage have different mechanical properties no matter it is synthetic materials, natural materials, or composite materials, cartilage tissues with similar mechanical properties as natural generated cartilage are not currently recycled.