胸腔镜手术1264例临床应用体会

目的回顾性总结12年胸腔镜手术,探讨胸腔镜手术适应证选择和并发症的防治。方法1993年12月至2005年12月行胸腔镜微创外科手术1264例,包括肺大疱切除622例、纵隔肿瘤及囊肿切除119例、食管疾病手术107例、肺叶切除或肺楔形切除215例、肺气肿减容手术17例、胸外伤手术28例、其他胸部疾病手术72例、胸腔疾病活检术84例。其中电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）食管癌切除经右胸游离食管和淋巴结清扫,上腹正中切口游离胃、胃经食管床拉至颈部行食管、胃吻合。结果1230例经VATS或胸腔镜辅助小切口完成手术,34例因胸腔粘连或恶性肿瘤为达到根治目的而术中转传统开胸手术。主要并发症45例,占3．56％。包括肺泡漏97d30例;术后出血4例,其中3例再次VATS手术止血,1例开胸止血;3例术后胸腔积液或积气,再次置闭式引流管;4例贲门失弛缓症肌层切开和1例食管平滑肌瘤摘除术中发生食管黏膜破裂,当即进行了修补;1例食管憩室术后胸腔感染,食管胸膜瘘;1例肺气肿减容术后肺内感染;1例自发性气胸呼吸衰竭患者,肺大疱切除术后第5天死于呼吸衰竭;10例自发性气胸肺大疱切除术后2～26个月复发,其中3例再次VATS手术,并胸膜腔粘连术。结论（1）自发性气胸肺大泡切除、某些胸部良性疾病是VATS主要适应证,胸部恶性肿瘤VATS手术应当持慎重的态度;（2）注重对胸外科医生VATS手术培训和掌握循序渐进的原则,是减少并发症的重要环节;（3）胸腔镜或胸腔镜辅助的微创外科手术方法选择应当依据患者病情倡导个体化原则。

Video-assisted thoracic surgery: clinical experience among 1264 patients

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical experience in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). METHODS: From December 1993 to December 2005 1264 patients, 894 males and 370 females, aged 38.9 +/- 12.0, underwent VATS, including bullectomy in 622 cases, resection of mediastinal tumor or cyst in 119 cases, resection of esophageal diseases in 107 cases, lobectomy or wedge-shaped lung resection in 215 cases, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) in 17 cases, treatment of thoracic injury in 28 cases, treatment of other thoracic diseases in 72 cases, and biopsy in 84 cases. For the resection of esophageal carcinoma VATS was conducted via the right approach, the esophagus was dissociated, the lymph nodes were resected, upper-abdominal incision was made, the stomach was dissociated and drawn up to the neck region, a cervical incision was made to anastomose the stomach and the residue of esophagus. RESULTS: Operation was completed by VATS successfully in 1230 patients, and 34 cases were converted to traditional thoracotomy because of thoracic adhesion or to radically treat the malignant tumors. Major complications occurred in 45 cases (3.56%), including air-leak lasting more than 7 days in 30 cases, post-operative bleeding in 4 cases (3 of which received VATS once more for hemostasis and the other underwent thoracotomy), hydrothorax or pneumothorax in 3 cases that underwent water-closed drainage, esophageal mucous rupture in 4 cases with achalasia and one case with leiomyoma, all of which underwent repair immediately, infection of pleural cavity in one case after the resection of esophageal diverticulum, and pneumonia in one case after LVRS. One patient with spontaneous pneumothorax and respiratory failure died 5 days after the bullectomy. Spontaneous pneumothorax occurred in 10 patients 2 months to 2 years after VATS 3 of which underwent bullectomy and pleurodesis by VATS once more. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous pneumothorax and some benign thoracic diseases are the major indications of VATS; however, great care should be expended to decide to treat malignant diseases by VATS. It is very important to train the surgeons who are to practice VATS. The practice of VATS should be individualized.