Exploration of the relationships among medical health history variables and aspiration

Objectives

(1) Determine the relationships among a family's specific answers to health history questions and their child's risk for aspiration as determined by a swallow study. (2) Identify key factors which may predict a child's risk for aspiration.

Methods

Answers to questions and results of Functional Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallow (FEES) and/or Video Swallow Study (VSS) for a sample of 198 children were collected. Subjects were categorized into groups: “aspiration”, “penetration” or “no aspiration or penetration”. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine the contribution of certain characteristics to the odds of aspiration. A model for predicting aspiration or penetration based on those characteristics was assessed. The sensitivity and specificity of the model in predicting aspiration and penetration was determined.

Results

One hundred ninety eight subjects had a FEES or VSS. Of these, 18% (n = 36) aspirated and 21% (n = 42) were found to have penetration. Many of the factors identified in the health history were found to be significantly associated with aspiration or penetration. The variables “demonstrated aspiration” (this included parent or caregiver seeing food in the tracheotomy tube or aspiration noted on a previous FEES or VSS) (p = 0.02), “hypotonia” (p = 0.02) and “tracheotomy” (p = 0.001) were most predictive of aspiration. History of tracheotomy was found to have an inverse relationship with aspiration. “gastroesophageal reflux” (GER) (p = 0.0007) was most significantly associated with penetration, followed by “prematurity” (p = 0.03) and “developmental delays” (p = 0.04). Based on the prediction model, the probabilities for a child with a history of combinations of the above variables to have aspiration or penetration were calculated.

Conclusions

Significant relationships exist between aspiration or penetration and the family's answers about their child's medical history. Practitioners should consider a swallow assessment whenever a child has a history which includes variables with a strong association with aspiration or penetration.