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Association between ambient air pollution and breast cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort study |
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| Authors: | Iona Cheng Chiuchen Tseng Jun Wu Juan Yang Shannon M Conroy Salma Shariff-Marco Lianfa Li Andrew Hertz Scarlett Lin Gomez Loïc Le Marchand Alice S Whittemore Daniel O Stram Beate Ritz Anna H Wu |
| Institution: | 1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA;2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;3. Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA;4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA;5. Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA;6. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA;7. Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA;8. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA;9. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA |
| Abstract: | Previous studies using different exposure methods to assess air pollution and breast cancer risk among primarily whites have been inconclusive. Air pollutant exposures of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen were estimated by kriging (NOx, NO2, PM10, PM2.5), land use regression (LUR, NOx, NO2) and California Line Source Dispersion model (CALINE4, NOx, PM2.5) for 57,589 females from the Multiethnic Cohort, residing largely in Los Angeles County from recruitment (1993–1996) through 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations between time-varying air pollution and breast cancer incidence adjusting for confounding factors. Stratified analyses were conducted by race/ethnicity and distance to major roads. Among all women, breast cancer risk was positively but not significantly associated with NOx (per 50 parts per billion ppb]) and NO2 (per 20 ppb) determined by kriging and LUR and with PM2.5 and PM10 (per 10 μg/m3) determined by kriging. However, among women who lived within 500 m of major roads, significantly increased risks were observed with NOx (hazard ratio HR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval 95% CI]: 1.02–1.79), NO2 (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.04–1.99), PM10 (HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07–1.55) and PM2.5 (HR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.15–2.99) determined by kriging and NOx (HR = 1.21, 95% CI:1.01–1.45) and NO2 (HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.00–1.59) determined by LUR. No overall associations were observed with exposures assessed by CALINE4. Subgroup analyses suggested stronger associations of NOx and NO2 among African Americans and Japanese Americans. Further studies of multiethnic populations to confirm the effects of air pollution, particularly near-roadway exposures, on the risk of breast cancer is warranted. |
| Keywords: | air pollution breast cancer multiethnic cohort epidemiology |